The Implementation of International Human Rights Law in Domestic Courts; Potentials and Prospects

國際人權法在內國法院的落實：潛力與展望

范博文(Theo van Boven)

《台灣人權學刊》 1卷2期 (2012/06) Pp. 3-24

https://doi.org/10.29733/THRJ.201206.0001

摘要

本文指出，在捍衛人權上，司法扮演著中心的角色。因之，法律專業人員應該接受人權法的教育與訓練。我們必需從基本人權標準的普世性出發來檢視及評價法院的角色，但在此同時也應適當地兼顧國家及區域的特殊性及相異的歷史、文化及宗教背景。在促使國際人權標準生效的途徑上，有所謂一元論與二元論的體系，本文關注的焦點在於這兩種體系中法院所發揮的功能。本文建議內國法院以及所有的法律專業人員都應該熟悉對國際人權標準的解釋，這些釋釋乃由條約監督機構在相關的判例、一般性意見、建議及審議結論中所發展出來的。我們也期待法院能就人權案件能否訴諸判決做出決定。不論是公民與政治權利，或是經濟、社會與文化權利都漸漸被視為是在司法上可以具體保障的權利，這正是法院所面臨的一項趨勢。本文強調人權遭受侵害的被害者應該得到有效的救濟、補救或賠償，而法院在這方面應該發揮積極的功能。最後，本文指出國家的憲法或法律應該保障法院必要的獨立性，法院方能適當且公平地行使職權。

關鍵字

司法 ； 獨立與公平 ； 普世性 ； 可訴諸法院判決 ； 救濟 ； 補償 ； 強行法 ； 核心權力 ； 一元論與二元論 ； 被害者

並列摘要

In this essay the role of the judiciary as a guardian of human rights takes a central place. Members of the legal profession need intense training and education in human rights law. The role of the courts should also be viewed and assessed in the light of the universality of basic human rights standards, with due regard to national and regional particularities and various historical, cultural and religious backgrounds. Attention is given to the functioning of courts in so-called monist and dualist systems of giving effect to international human rights standards. Domestic courts and all members of the legal profession are well-advised to make themselves closely familiar with the interpretation of international human rights standards as developed by international supervisory bodies in relevant case law, general comments, recommendations and concluding observations. Courts are also expected to rule on the justiciability of human rights. They are facing a growing trend to consider, in addition to civil and political rights, economic, social and cultural rights as justiciable rights. This essay underscores the right of victims of violations of human rights to have effective access to remedies, redress and reparations and the role courts have to play in this respect. Finally, it is stressed that the judiciary, in order to function properly and impartially, must be guaranteed the necessary independence in the constitution and the law of the country.

並列關鍵字

judiciary ； independence and impartiality ； universality ； justiciability ； remedies ； reparations ； ius cogens ； core rights ； monism and dualism ； victims