從美國低度農業勞動保護及寬鬆申請外勞法制看中南部小農引進外勞之規範

Base on the Experience of US' Low Agricultural Labor Protection and the Less Strict Foreign Agricultural Labor Invitation Program to Evaluate the Adequate Foreign Agricultural Labor Invitation Program for the Small and Medium-sized Farmers in Central and Southern Taiwan

謝棋楠(C. N. Hsieh)

《科學與人文研究》 6卷1期 (2018/12) Pp. 19-32

https://doi.org/10.6535/JSH.201812_6(1).0003

摘要

世界上主要先進國家農業皆苦於嚴重缺工問題，我國亦然。我國季節性農業缺工較為嚴重，而以中南部小農缺工問題最嚴重。然而，我國立有對小農不利之高度農業勞動保護立法，且未大量可開放農業外勞。反觀美國低度農業勞工保護立法，美國農業勞工不適用許多公平動基準法規定之保護，且立法上美國農業勞工不適用全國勞工關係法。而且，美國農業上，引進短期H-2A工作簽證外勞法制寬鬆。我國小農之勞動力以自家人為主、僱用臨時農村人力或換工為輔。其非勞動關係為主，但若為引進各種農業外勞，必然涉及勞基法與其他勞動法規之適用爭議。必然也涉及就業服務法之修法。其為因應小農缺工問題，建議在精準計算下引進補充性農業外勞，以引進農業外勞制度成為維持住小農模式農業之手段，因而其引進應以臨時性或季節性外勞為主。而由於農業工作時間特性，可宣告直接農務工作者適用責任制，以避免違反勞基法及相關法規之違反。並建議開放農會、農業合作社與農業工會以機構式引進外勞，而可以派遣給季節性臨時性需求之小農使用外勞，以利小農引進使用外勞。

關鍵字

季節性 ； 農業外勞 ； 美國移民國籍歸化法

並列摘要

The world's major countries suffer from serious shortages of agricultural workers. Taiwan isn't an exception. In Taiwan, the lacking of seasonal agriculture workers is much serious than regular agriculture workers. The situation of lacking workers for small farmers in central and southern Taiwan is the most serious. However, Taiwan has established a high degree of agricultural labor protection legislation that is unfavorable to small farmers and has not opened up for admitting a larger number of agricultural foreign workers. In contrast to the US low-level agricultural labor protection legislation, the US agricultural labor does not covered under the protection of many part of US Fair Labor Standards Act. The US agricultural labor does is excluded from the protection of National Labor Relations Law. Moreover, in the United States, the invitation of short-term foreign agricultural worker holding H-2A work visa is less strictly regulated. The labor force of small farmers in Taiwan is mainly based on their own families, supplemented by temporary rural manpower and mutual aid among one and other. Technically their services are not conducted under employ relationship. If they want to invite agricultural foreign workers, it will inevitably involve the disputes on the duly application of labor laws. The revision of the Employment Service Law for them to invite foreign workers would be involved. In response to the problem of small famers' lacking workers, it is recommended to introduce supplementary agricultural foreign laborers under precise calculations. By introducing the agricultural foreign labor as a means of maintaining the survive of small-scale farming in Taiwan. Therefore, the introduction should be based on inviting more temporary or seasonal foreign workers. Due to the nature of agricultural working practice which is hard to meet regular working hours, agricultural workers should be exempted from the regular working hour regulations to avoid the violations of the labor law and related regulations. It is also recommended that the agricultural associations, agricultural cooperatives and agricultural trade unions be permitted to hire foreign agricultural workers and may dispatch them to small famers as a dispatching institution in order to facilitate the use of foreign workers by small farmers.

並列關鍵字

Seasonal ； agricultural foreign workers ； nationalization of immigration nationality law

參考文獻

Andorra Bruno. Immigration of Temporary Lower-Skilled Workers: Current Policy and Related Issues. Washington, (DC: Congressional Research Service, 2012).

Etan Newman. Why the h-2A AgriculturAl VisA ProgrAm FAILS u.s. And Foreign Workers. Washington, DC: Farmworker Justice, (2009).

Kirsten Zerger, The NLRA Agricultural Exemption - A Functional or Mechanical Approach, 2 Berkeley J. Emp. & Lab. L. 131 (1977). Pp. 1-5.

Marc Linder. Farm Workers and the Fair Labor Standards Act: Racial Discrimination in the New Deal. 65 TEX. L. REV. 1335 (1987).

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