Institutionalised Society-Induced Innovation

制度性社會－誘發性創新力：以日本京都伏見地區清酒制造商為例

藤本昌代(Masayo Fujimoto) ； 河口充勇(Mitsuo Kawaguchi)

《華人應用人類學學刊》 1卷2期 (2012/12) Pp. 55-81

https://doi.org/10.6290/CJAA.2012.0102.03

摘要

位於日本京都南面的「伏見」是以日本清酒釀造為代表的地區。這篇文章分析在發展和永續經營的考慮下，伏見地區的製造商─大多數是業主兼營運商─如何利用有限的在地資源以及地區特色來發展清酒釀造業。伏見地區先天上有許多的不足條件，譬如由於地理因素所以導致稻米生產的短缺，以及缺乏本地專業釀酒人才等等。而清酒釀造商努力克服了這些困難，在歉收時，他們試著使用不同的稻米供貨商形成了風險對衝機制，以致於聚集了全國各地來的先端的釀造技術。位於郊區的條件，反而使伏見地區清酒釀造商擁有高度流動性和多樣性。清酒釀造企業之間是相對平等且沒有上下關系存在，所以遵守業界規範的壓力較低，他們的特徵可說是作為不墨守成規的城市群體多於村莊社會的群體意識。由於清酒釀造商們團結一致面對及克服地區限制性因素，促使擁有400年歷史的伏見清酒釀造業仍持續經營中。

關鍵字

傳統 ； 多樣性 ； 不墨守成規 ； 制度 ； 低遵守規範壓力

並列摘要

Fushimi, located in southern Kyoto, is a representative Japanese sake-brewing region. This research focuses on the influence of the restrictive local conditions and the group characteristics of the brewers (the vast majority are owner-operators) on the development and continuance of Fushimi sake-brewing industry. In Fushimi, the industry has developed as a result of efforts by the brewers to overcome the region's restrictive conditions (e.g., the shortage of locally grown rice because of the suburban location and the lack of local brew masters) and the accumulated environmental tolerance (e.g., using various rice suppliers formed a risk hedge in bad years, and the best brewing technology was gathered from across the country). The suburban location has made Fushimi sake brewers highly fluid and diverse. The companies are equals, and no superior-subordinate relationships exist. The pressure to norm conformity is low. Urban unconventionality as a group characteristic is stronger than the group consciousness of a village society. However, the brewers have maintained their group through uniting to overcome the restrictive conditions. These factors have contributed to the continuance of the owner-enterprise community of the 400-year-old Fushimi brewing industry.

並列關鍵字

tradition ； diversity ； unconventionality ； institution ； low pressure to conform