漢魏晉南北朝詩文中「春蘭秋菊」並置模式的節令文化意涵

A Study of The Culture Meaning of Festivals in The Structure Patterns of “Chun Lan and Qiu Ju” in The Poetry Collection during Six Dynasties

李珮慈(Pei-Tzu Lee)

《靜宜中文學報》 8期 (2015/12) Pp. 25-58

摘要

本文將以筆者拙著《采菊：「菊」的原始意象與文學象徵──以屈賦陶詩為主》為基礎，更進一步探討漢魏晉南北朝詩文中關於「春秋儀典」以及「蘭菊並置」等命題。在中國古典詩文中所出現對偶相稱的文學現象其來有自，若追溯其「神話原型」，可上溯至〈九歌．禮魂〉：「春蘭兮秋菊，長無絕兮終古。」文中的「蘭」、「菊」書寫進一步透露蘭、菊意象與春、秋祭儀的聯繫關係。關於結合農事、戀愛的高禖的春社用蘭儀式，雖然已成為學界的定論，但較少受到關注的秋社用菊之俗，其實正在對應春季儀典中時，與同具袚禊性質的蘭，形成了春蘭、秋菊的分庭抗禮之姿，這不僅是生殖崇拜的體現，同時更隱含「春祈秋報」歲時民俗的相關意涵。有鑑於此，本文對於漢魏晉南北朝中重複出現「春蘭秋菊」的語言現象，認為這不能只以因襲用典視之。為了進一步深入討論春秋祭儀如何發動套語（相同句、相似句）的構成，以及何以隱含著〈九歌〉中春、秋二祭以及相關的儀式象徵，筆者嘗試對文學創作進行「民俗原型」破譯，並希冀闡發出「春／蘭」與「秋／菊」並置，實為「春祈秋報」節令儀式的體現，以及其各自承載了春天儀典「求生」與秋天民俗「避死」的儀式義蘊。

關鍵字

屈賦 ； 漢魏晉南北朝詩賦 ； 墓誌銘 ； 春蘭秋菊 ； 歲時節令

並列摘要

There are some literature phenomenon of parallelism and proportion in the Chinese Literature history, and they become kinds of literary stereotypes that many followers to imitate. The structure patterns of ＂chunlan and qiuju＂ in the poetry collection during Six Dynasties are kinds of objects among these literary models. It origins in the ＂chunlan xi qiujuzhangwujue xi zhonggu＂ in 'Jiu Ge, Li Hun.' ＂Chun lan＂ and ＂qiuju＂ are paralleled in this essay, to be more precisely, these literary terms show the connection between the chunlan and qiuju and the ceremony and ritual in the spring and the autumn. This opinion of Gomei and She ceremonies which combines agriculture and love seems a conclusion in Chinese Literature history; furthermore, the ceremony and ritual in spring and autumn in the late Qin Dynasty not merely the form of impetrate children but also the folklore meaning of ＂chun qi qiubao.＂ According to the poetry collection during Six Dynasties which inherited the Qu Yuan’s Fu, in the formulas of prose Fu and epitaph, appear with the structure pattern of ＂chunlan and qiuju,＂──including the juxtaposed words of ＂lan＂ and ＂ju＂are the literary phenomenon. There are not merely the intertextuality of the writers' writing and epitaph but lots of literary echoes and allusions in these literary phenomenons. This essay wants to search the structure pattern of ＂chunlan and qiuju＂ in the poetry collections during Six Dynasties in the process alluded Qu Yuan’s Fu shows the inheritance of ＂chunlan xi qiujuzhangwujue xi zhonggu＂ in 'Jiu Ge, Li Hun.' I want to search the festivals cultural meaning in this kind of cultural phenomenon and find the ritual functions of the plants of ＂lan＂ and ＂ju＂ in the spring and the autumn. This essay wants to use the folklore’s viewof festivals, and analyzes the text to talk about the cultural causes in these literary phenomenons. For the understandable purpose, this essay separated the writing of ＂chun/lan＂ and ＂qiu/ju;＂ in truth, these words should consider as a whole. And I sincerely hope this essay could make the search of structure pattern of ＂chunlan and qiuju＂ during Six Dynasties more deeply.

並列關鍵字

Qu Yuan’s Fu ； poetry collection during Six Dynasties ； epitaph during Six Dynasties ； chunlanqiuju, rituals and festivals

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