朱子涉禪之因緣及其轉折

The Cause and Effect of Zhu Zi's Involvement with Zen and the Transition

黃朝和(Chao-He Huang)

《靜宜中文學報》 9期 (2016/06) Pp. 135-162

摘要

朱熹學思秉承北宋二程子之排佛立場而旗幟鮮明，其理路循伊川之「性理」而衍為程朱理學一派，與象山之心學對立，無融攝餘地而互指為禪說。在豎桿揚旗推弘新儒學的復興運作中，佛學是異端，禪學是異學；一般多以為象山心學之易簡工夫較傾向於禪，實則朱熹在二十五歲學思理路尚未轉折以前，曾涉釋禪逾十年之久；禪之工夫與境界說甚且為其應試中舉之通關法要。朱子學思四十一歲雖已完熟定型，然而其晚年開示門人之治學態度，仍勉勵效法僧人之行腳參學，以通事理之廣博精深。綜觀朱子學問思想之成就，除儒學之本門學識，其思維方法之精密，理路形成之分明，顯然歷經釋禪之交涉，受到佛家經典範疇之影響，禪門修持工夫之薰習。本文從其早期投入禪門參修大慧宗杲、密庵道謙一脈之「看話禪」歷程，及其對行腳參學之重視，探索其理、禪學行之轉折。

關鍵字

朱子理學 ； 行腳參學 ； 大慧宗杲 ； 看話禪 ； 密菴道謙

並列摘要

Zhu Zi Li philosophy is derived from many former scholars' theories; for instance, his thinking follows two famous scholars, Cheng Zis thoughts of the Northern Song Dynasty, which are anti-Buddhism and difficult to compromise. Besides, his main ideas comply with Yi-Chuan's ＂Xing-Li＂ and form a faction of Cheng Zhu's philosophy, which is in the opposite of Xiang Shan philosophy of the mind. However, these two factions name each other as Zen philosophy. In the rebirth movements of New Confucianism, Buddhism was regarded as heresy and Zen as paganism. Most scholars believed Xiang Shan philosophy's simplicity principles were similar to those of Zen. But, in fact, Zhu Zi didn't quite distinguish Confucianism from Buddhism before aged 31. He had learned Zen for over ten years before his transition; at that time, Zen's principles were the essential elements for passing national exams. Zhu Zi's thoughts had matured completely at aged 41, but he still instructed his disciples to practice Buddhist monks' Xing Jian Can Xue to learn extensive and intensive knowledge at his later years. Generally speaking, Zhu Zi's scholastic achievements, besides his original Confucianism, his delicate thoughts and clear mind were also influenced by Buddhism, from which he had been inspired a lot during his learning of Zen. This article attempts to start from his ＂Kan Hua Chan＂ process of learning Zen from Da Hui Zong Gao and Mi An Duo Qian at his early age, and his emphases on Xing Jian Can Xue. Then it continues to address his transition in Zen learning and his research methods and attitudes in achieving academic studies.

並列關鍵字

Zhu Zi philosophy ； Xing Jian Can Xue ； Da Hui Zong Guo ； Kan Han Chan ； Mi An Dao Qian

參考文獻

宋黎靖德編、王星賢點校(1987)。朱子語類。臺北:華世出版社。

清王懋竑(1998)。朱子年譜。北京:中華書局。

清黃宗羲、全祖望補訂(1987)。宋元學案。臺北:華世出版社。

(2008)。新纂大藏卍續藏經。臺北:白馬精舍印精會。

《大正新脩大藏經．諸宗部》，第四十七卷。