摘要
晚清以降的跨境流動，下南洋是一個官方與民間絡繹於途的遷徙路線。1877年清帝國在新加坡設立了第一個外交領事館，可視為地緣政治意義下的南洋外交布局，但回顧鄭和下西洋或更早以前的秦漢之典籍，南海就已記載於中國的對外交通史。尤其鴉片戰爭以後，西方帝國的工業發展和亞洲殖民地需要大量華工，平民出洋構成了華人大遷徙的熱潮，下南洋則是華工輸出的主要路線之一，知識人也隨著因應貿易、私塾和報社的需求而南遷。因此，漢詩系統下的東亞視角，理應涵蓋一個隨著移民史的流動，而形成的文化播遷脈絡。中國沿海士紳百姓的跨境遷移，啟動了他們從東亞跨境南海的路徑。中國使節和文人的南來形塑了早期新馬地區的文學生產，其中以漢詩寫作規模最為可觀。這些知識份子的南來凸顯出士大夫階層的境外離散和文化播遷，尤其部份南來文人兼具詩人和政治身份，他們流寓南洋期間的文化影響和文學實踐，都直接或間接形塑了我們理解殖民地時期新馬最初的文學風貌。他們在漢詩形塑的海洋意象、中華帝國及其周邊國家的朝貢貿易歷史和世界體系的變革、離散華人社會的脈動、中華教化與文化傳播、認同與鄉愁、殖民地體驗，以及近代中國的地理、外交、政經延伸的家國危機，成為清末民初別具面貌的境外漢詩特色，理應構成辯證東亞漢詩體系的新視角。本文以海域概念下的南海路徑，透過海洋為基點的觀察視野，考察黃遵憲、楊雲史、蕭雅堂的漢詩交織網絡，如何疊合為南海漢詩獨有的關懷視域。
並列摘要
This paper studies an imaginary Han poetry arena shaped by a South Sea vision and explores the different aspects of Nanyang Han poetry through the writings of three authors Yang Yunshi, Huang Zunxian, and Xiao Yatang. This unique arena is an imaginary Han poetry field interwoven by emigrating and immigrating diplomats, exiles and coolies in the late Qing dynasty. In the 19th century, the sojourners and emigrants made voyages between China and the South Seas. After opium war, Chinese coolies were recruited for the plantations in Southeast Asia. A great number of intellectuals also followed to settle in Malaya and Singapore, representing the dispersal of the literati class and the dissemination of culture. As poets and diplomats, these intellectuals' arrival in the south and their Han poetry writings contributed to the early formation of the Nanyang Chinese literature in colonial times. Their writings covered various topics: the ocean, the tribute-trade relations between China and southeast Asia, the reforms in the world, diaspora of Chinese, the dissemination of Chinese culture, identity and nostalgia, the local experiences in colonies, and the crisis of the imperial China. The variety of the content shaped the characteristics the overseas Han poetry and constituted a peculiar arena of Han poetry in East Asia.