美國大型民用航空器補貼於世界貿易組織規則下之適法性(上)

United States' Subsidies on Large Civil Aircraft and Its Compliance with WTO Trade Rules (Part I)

李貴英(Catherine Li)

《航空安全及管理季刊》 4卷3期 (2017/07) Pp. 147-163

摘要

空中巴士集團與波音公司在大型民用航空器市場之競爭，隨著空中巴士逐漸蠶食波音長期居於全球市場龍頭地位而日益加劇，進而導致美國與歐洲聯盟相互嚴格審視對方提供其航空器製造業者之補貼。美國於2004 年10 月6 日退出歐美大型民用航空器雙邊協定，並於同日訴諸世界貿易組織爭端解決機制後，歐盟亦追隨美國之步伐向世界貿易組織提起爭端解決，控訴美國聯邦與州政府提供波音一系列補貼措施。2012 年3 月爭端解決機構通過上訴機構報告，給與美國六個月之時間採取適當措施消除不利影響或撤銷補貼。本文擬就空中巴士集團、波音公司與世界貿易組織有關大型民用航空器補貼問題之背景，以及美國與歐洲聯盟間之衝突予以介紹。本文亦擬由國際貿易法之核心規範，就美國大型民用航空器補貼一案之重點進行分析。

關鍵字

WTO 補貼暨平衡措施協定 ； 禁止性補貼及可控訴補貼 ； 財務補助 ； 特定性補貼 ； 嚴重損害

並列摘要

Competition between Airbus and Boeing in the large civil aircraft industry grew contentious as Airbus began to overtake Boeing in its long-held position as the world's leading producer of large civil aircraft. The United States and European Union in turn increasingly scrutinized the subsidies provided by their counterpart to its respective aircraft manufacturer. Following the United States' withdrawal from the 1992 bilateral EU-US Agreement on Trade in Large Civil Aircraft and the initiation of WTO dispute settlement procedures against the EU, the EU for its part on 6 October 2004 decided to mirror the US steps by initiating WTO dispute settlement procedures regarding a number of US measures, including federal and state subsidies benefiting Boeing. In March 2012, the Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO adopted the Appellate Body report, giving six months to the US to either withdraw these illegal subsidies or remover their adverse effects. This article provides background on the Airbus, Boeing, and the WTO dispute over subsidies to large civil aircraft, as well as the conflict between U.S. and EU. This article also analyzes important aspects of this particular case with respect to core elements of international trade law.

並列關鍵字

WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures ； prohibited and actionable subsidies ； financial contribution ； specific subsidies ； serious prejudice

參考文獻

林良怡(2010)。簡述「歐盟─大型民用航空器補貼案。貿易政策論叢。14，211-273。

郭于榛(2011)。「美國─大型民用航空器補貼案II」小組報告送交爭端當事國。經貿法訊。114，1-7。

Macrory, P. J.(Ed.),Appleton, A. E.(Ed.),Plummer, M. G.(Ed.)(2005).The World Trade Organization: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis.New York:Springer.

United States Department of Commerce (n.d.). European Union Agreement on Trade in Large Civil Aircraft. Retrieved April 7, 2017, from http://tcc.export.gov/Trade_Agreements/All_Trade_Agreements/exp_002816.asp

WTO (2004, October 6). European Communities - Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft (WT/DS316/1). Retrieved April 7, 2017, from https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S006.aspx?Query=(%40Symbol%3d+wt%2fds316%2f1)&Language=ENGLISH&Context=FomerScriptedSearch&languageUIChanged=true.