先秦孔孟德治思想探究

A Study on the Moral Rule in Pre-Chin Confucianism

林美香(Mei-Hsiang Lin)

《慈濟通識教育學刊》 8期 (2013/04) Pp. 115-141

https://doi.org/10.6755/TCJGE.201304_(8).0006

摘要

中國先秦儒家孔、孟論「政」，主要對象以統治者或在上者為訴求，要求透過統治者或在上者倫理與道德責任之承擔與發揮，而達到守國治民之理想。孔孟之政治思想，以啟發統治者或在上者領悟「人之所以為人」的價值，並承擔「人義」與「人倫」之道德責任，進而擴展以化民心，發揮「己立立人，己達達人」之效果。因此，視個人道德、社會倫理與政治權力，乃一貫相通的道理。能由小及大，由近及遠，由個人之修身做起，然後達到治人治國的整體效果。孔、孟德治思想之本質，顯有不同於西方法治與一般所謂人治之處。其不同，乃在儒家強調統治者以人性的絕對良知，作為統治上最主要的價值根柢，主張人性良知良能之發揮，文化價值上以道德自律，誠為最理想與完美之政治社會。儒家所強調的人性絕對，是一種「非個人」、「非感官」、與「非物化」的心靈價值，在此價值的追求之中，建立起相當特別的統治基礎。本文之研究，即就儒家孔、孟「義利之辨」、「君子小人之分」、「政治理想目的」等思想內涵，進行分析與探究，以釐清儒家孔、孟道德統治之真諦。

關鍵字

儒家德治思想 ； 道德心靈價值 ； 義利之辨 ； 西方法治

並列摘要

On discussing ”politics”, China's Pre-Chin Confucianism aimed at rulers or leaders. They asked that rulers or leaders assume their ethical and moral responsibility in order to arrive at the ideal of protecting the state and ruling the people. The Confucianism attempted to bring rulers or leaders to apprehend the value of ”what is a human being” and bear the moral responsibility of ”justice” and ”ethics'. Furthermore, this was expanded to improve the people's minds and develop the effect of ”establishing oneself and helping others in establishment”. Hence, the Confucianism valued personal morality, social ethic, and political power consistently. From small to big, from near to far, one performs from oneself, then he extends this to rule of people and rule of country.The essence of the Pre-Chin Confucianism, is significantly different from the West's rule of law and rule of man in that the Confucianism stressed on the ruler's absolute conscience to serve as the major value in rule. It valued development of people's conscience and moral self-discipline in cultural value. This could be the most ideal and perfect politic and society. The absolute humanity emphasized by the Confucianism is a ”non-personal”, ”non-sensual”, and ”non-material” spiritual value. In pursuit of this value, a very special basis of rule was established. This study analyzed Confucius and Mencius's thoughts such as ”distinguish on yih(justice,義) and lih(interest,利)”, ”gentleman and villain”, ”ideal for politics”, etc., in order to clarify the true essence of the moral rule in Confucianism.

並列關鍵字

moral rule of the Confucianism ； moral and spiritual value ； distinguish on yih and lih ； rule of law