論東勢客家話特殊35調的語法功能、性質與來源

Revisiting the Grammatical Function, Nature and Origin of /35/ Tone in the Tungshih Hakka Dialect

江俊龍(Chun-Long Chiang)

《聲韻論叢》 14期 (2006/10) Pp. 139-161

https://doi.org/10.29753/CP.200610.0008

摘要

東勢客家話中的特殊35調，近年來引起台灣方言學研究者的熱烈討論。從實用或聲調演變類型的觀點，董忠司和羅肇錦兩位先生將東勢客語特殊35調的現象分別稱做「第九調」和「平分三調」。從語法功能的研究觀點，則有張屏生先生在第十六屆全國聲韻學學術研討會中所發表的〈東勢客家語的語音與詞彙〉以及江敏華小姐的碩士論文《臺中縣東勢客語音韻研究》等論述，劉英享先生〈再探東勢客家話35調的性質與歷史來源〉一文則以自主音段理論來解釋此一變調的現象，他們共同的看法是認為此一特殊的35調乃名詞詞尾失落後所導致的變調。
對此，本文擬從更多的例子中加以整理歸納，以觀察其分佈的條件，並論其語法功能與性質。至於它的來源，本文認為是一種直接表示小稱意義的語法現象，並非由詞尾的聲調所轉化到詞幹上。準此，本文認為：相當於北京話中帶有子尾或兒尾的小稱名詞，客家話原先都保存單音詞的形式，客家話產生[e]尾化和小稱變調的現象是後起的發展，兩種不同的發展是語言地理類型的問題。
首先，我們發現各地客家話在複音節化的速度上呈現不一致的現象，而同一詞條在同一客家地點又有加詞尾與不加詞尾兩可的現象。另一方面，早期文獻的資料顯示：[e]詞尾的使用頻率並不高。再者，東勢客家話的聲調系統中獨缺升調調型，提供了用變調來辨義的可能性。本文也比較了其他方言的資料，說明「小稱變調」的語法現象普遍存在，並非由詞尾失落所導致。

關鍵字

客家話 ； 單音詞 ； 小稱 ； 變調 ； 方言比較

並列摘要

Research on the special /35/ tone in the Tungshih Hakka dialect has drawn close attention among dialect researchers in Taiwan. From a pragmatic or typology of tonal development perspective, Dung (1996) and Lo (1997), for example, termed this special tonal phenomenon as 'the ninth tone' and 'division into three tones' respectively. In addition, both Chang (1998) and Chiang's (1998) papers approached this question from the grammatical point of view, while Liu (1999) employed the autosegmental theory in his account of this special tone sandhi. All of these researchers hold that the special /35/ sandhi tone was developed due to the loss of a noun suffix.
Drawing on more empirical data and observing their distribution, this paper aims to discuss the nature and grammatical function of /35/ tone and trace its historical source. The author argues that the diminutive noun with grammatical sandhi tone /35/ in Tungshih Hakka dialect is not derived from the tone of noun suffixes. This approach assumes that the proto-Hakka noun is in the monosyllabic form, comparable to Beijing Mandarin diminutive zi-suffix (子) or er-suffix (兒), while the e-suffix in some Hakka dialects and the tone sandhi phenomena in diminutive nouns were developed later.
Research results show that there exists a discrepancy of the speed of bi-syllabic word formation process among different Hakka dialects resulting in different morphological representations with /without a suffix. In addition, early documentary evidence indicates that e-suffix was not frequently used in early times. Further, lack of rising tone in tonal system of the Tungshih Hakka dialect points to the possibility that this sandhi tone functions as semantic differentiation. Comparative studies of other Hakka dialects also confirm that the tone sandhi phenomena in diminutive nouns can be found extensively and that they are not derived from the loss of noun suffixes.

並列關鍵字

Hakka dialect ； monosyllabic word ； diminutive ； tone sandhi ； dialect comparison