上古韻部的界說與分部依據－兼論元音構擬的原則

本文藉由釐清上古韻部是否等同「韻攝」或北方曲藝押韻的「十三轍」，探討自1989年以來出版的有關上古音的6元音系統的新時期三家，標榜將傳統22─31的古韻部，一分為二或三，離析出53-58個韻母類型，以各式韻尾和6元音搭配成整齊的韻母組合結構表。打破王力、李方桂等「一部一元音」的韻母架構，是否為合乎押韻與諧聲的基本原則。全文分八節。首揭何大安（Ho 2016）對白一平、沙加爾（Baxter & Sagart 2014）新著《上古音新構擬》（暫譯）之介紹及潘悟雲（2010）有關上古音三派之形成。繼以龔煌城（2002）對潘悟雲、馮蒸元音構擬的批評、陳新雄對鄭張尚芳六元音及古韻58韻部之質疑與鄭張的答詢。再從何大安評白、沙新著的「一部多音」之誤，看上古韻部的界說與普世的詩韻正統；回歸到王力的「古韻分部」界說與押韻、諧聲系統不可偏廢的音韻學傳統。後二節以北大中文系上古音小組對白、沙「構擬新論」討論成果：程悅等三文考察文獻內證材料，提出宵、藥；微文物：歌月元不能再分部的驗證結果。最後從各家6元音共識的理論依據：白一平〈關於上古音的四個假設〉出發，歸結於其統整前人學說有功，尚未面對世人質疑，未必立於不敗之地。

關鍵字

漢語上古音；韻部；十三轍；六元音系統；一部多音；宵藥分部

並列摘要

This article clarifies whether the rhyme groups of Old Chinese are equivalent to the She rhyme groups (韻攝) or the Shisan zhe thirteen rhymes (十三轍) found in traditional vocal performing arts in North China. On the basis of this, the article discusses publications published from 1989 onwards which are related to the six-vowel system of Old Chinese. These works divide the traditional 22-31 rhyme group into two or three groups, giving 53-58 types of finals, and offer well-structured tables of final combinations consisting of different types of final codas and six vowels. These reconstructions break the 'one rhyme group with one vowel' proposal of Wang Li and Li Fang-Kuei, which was decided upon on the basis of Shijing rhyming and the phonetic series. This article is divided into eight sections. The first section examines Ho Dah-an's (2016) review of Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction by William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart (2014) as well as Pan Wuyun's (2010) discussion on the development of the three reconstructions of Old Chinese. It is then followed by examining Gong Hwang-cherng's (2002) critique of the vowel reconstruction proposed by Pan Wuyun and Feng Zheng as well as Chen Hsin-hsiung's questioning of the six vowels and 58 rhyme groups proposed by Zhengzhang Shangfang and Zhengzhang's reply to Chen. Afterwards, the article examines the definition of Old Chinese rhyme groups and the universal orthodox lineage of poetry rhyming from the perspective of errors identified by Ho Dah-an in Baxter and Sagart's new publication. Subsequently, the article returns to Wang Li's definition of 'the classification of Old Chinese rhyme groups' and to the tradition of phonology that advocates the balance between rhyming and xiesheng (諧聲). The last two sections, based on the discussions amongst the Old Chinese Research Group at Beijing University on Baxter and Sagart's 'new reconstruction' as well as Cheng Yue et al.'s literature review of the evidence, presents the results that the groups xiao-yao, wei-wen-wu and ge-yue-yuan are inseparable. Finally, the article provides theoretical evidence for the six-vowel consensus of different schools. The author concludes that Baxter's compiling and organizing of the work of previous scholars has brought constructive contributions but his proposal is not necessarily conclusive as it has not yet satisfied all doubts among scholars.

並列關鍵字

Old Chinese phonology ； rhyme groups ； the Shisan zhe thirteen rhymes ； the six-vowel system ； one rhyme group with many vowels ； division of the group xiao-yao

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