先秦史傳敘事傳統與中國古代小說之淵源和影響

On the Narrative Tradition in Pre-Qin Historical-biography and the Origin or Effects of Ancient Chinese Novel

諸海星(Hae-Sung Je)

《清雲學報》 31卷3期 (2011/07) Pp. 45-58

https://doi.org/10.7049/JCYU.201107.0045

摘要

早期硏治中國小說史的學者們一般都忽略了史傳文學在中國小說史上的地位及其對後世小說的影響，但近數十年來，隨著中國小說史硏究的深入發展，學者們越來越淸楚地看到，以《左傳》、《國語》、《戰國策》和《史記》爲代表的先秦兩漢史傳著作，早已具有後世小說中常用的藝術手法和細節描寫等不少小說因素，是推助中國古代小說發展的重要動力，是中國古代小說汲取藝術養分的寶庫。中國是一個歷史著作卷帙浩瀚的國度，歷史著作在中國古代享有崇高的地位。歷史是小說的基礎。由歷史事件的實錄，到傳播交流當中進行虛構想像的敘述，小說最終擺脫了歷史著作的痕迹，從歷史事實的記載中分離出來，成爲敘事虛構作品。中國古代小說作家和作品一直沒有同史傳敘事傳統的影響揮手告別。在中國古代敘事文學傳統中，先秦史傳由於集歷史和文學於一身，對於後世小說家提供了足資學習借鑒的典範。先秦史傳文學之所以在文體上古代小說的源流，是因爲中國古代小說具有較强的歷史意識，往往以歷史故事爲題材，又往往採用史傳的敘事結構和方式及藝術表現手法，作者按時間的發展順序安排情節結構，在敘事過程中通過主人公的語言和行動來刻畫人物形象，很少進行靜止的描寫。這些鮮明的史傳敘事藝術特徵，都能在先秦史傳著作中找到遺傳基因。故而中國古代小說的淵源也可以追溯到先秦史傳的敘事傳統。

關鍵字

先秦時期 ； 史傳文學 ； 敘事傳統 ； 中國古代小說淵源

並列摘要

The historical-biography literature produced at that time are probably the earliest narrative literature in China. Although they don't have a complete fictional form, they prepared for the later novels concerning thoughts, subjects and linguistic expression. In recent years, the treatise which discuss the relationship between the historical-biography literature and ancient Chinese novel generally discuss the subject from the angle of Shi-ji's art style. But the narrative structure and some methods of creating characters originated from the historical-biography literature in pre-Qin times. At that time, there was no distinction between history and fiction, so historians always used the literary methods to record history. Today, from the literary point of view, we call these historical books the historical-biography literature. China has an age-old historical tradition in science, in this tradition, because of possessing both characteristics of history as well as literature, pre-Qin historical-biography literature not only opened up a wide subject field for the development of ancient Chinese novels, but also provided a good narrative model for later authors of novel because it recorded in the true detail the historical events, circumstances and characters. Especially Zuo-zhuan, Guo-yu, Zhan-guo-ce accumulated abundant and creative experiences in many aspects such as creative method, subject choice, form system, narrative art, portraying characters, describing circumstances, aesthetic standards etc, and also deeply influenced the forming and developing of later Chinese novels.

並列關鍵字

Pre-Qin times ； Historical-biography literature ； Narrative tradition ； The origin of ancient Chinese novel