莊子安命達生的至樂觀──「以《莊子》．〈至樂〉篇為例」

本文旨在探究莊子如何通過「安命」與「達生」的工夫，達至與天地造化為一的「至樂」境界。依此，正文架構共分兩節：首先，從「全身保真」與「死生為一」，澄清「至樂」的兩重蘊意。其次，則藉〈至樂〉中的三則寓言，印證本文第一節中對莊子至樂思想的分析。依此，本節又概分三點，分別為：(01)「鼓盆而歌」中的氣化論與生死觀。(02)「髑髏之寓」中的至樂觀與生死觀；以及(03)「魯侯養鳥」中的喪我工夫與至樂境界。最後，本文由達生與安命，總覽全文論點。闡明《莊子》內篇莊子由齊物以入逍遙的優游精神，與〈至樂〉所追求的人間至樂之境，實可相互印照。

關鍵字

道通為一；適性逍遙；天人合一；死生一如

並列摘要

This paper aims to explore how Zhuangzi achieves the state of ＂utmost happiness＂ through ＂tending to his life＂ and ＂mastering life.＂ The paper is divided into two parts. The first part clarifies the two meanings of ＂utmost happiness＂ with the concepts of ＂keeping one's original nature＂ and ＂no distinction between death and life.＂ The second part uses three allegories to justify the analysis in the first part relating to Zhuangzi's thoughts about extreme happiness. Based on this, this part is further divided into three sections, which are (1) the theory of qi transformation and concept of life and death in 'Singing and Beating on a Basin,' (2) concepts of utmost happiness and life and death in 'the Talk with a Skull,' (3) the efforts of detaching oneself＂ and the state of ＂utmost happiness＂ in 'The Marquis Feeding the Bird.' Finally, the paper summarizes the key points mentioned above from the viewpoint of tending to life and mastering life. The spirit of freedom expressed in 'the Discussions on Smoothing Things Out' and 'Wandering Beyond' of Zhuangzi's 'Inner Chapters' eventually reflects the state of utmost happiness in worldly life in 'Utmost Happiness.'