In this work, the electrochemical characteristics, including the voltammetric behavior with the potential region of water decomposition, the hydrogen responses, and the redox behavior of oxides as well as the oxygen responses in aqueous media, were systematically reviewed, especially the formation/desorption of hydrogen and oxygen atoms at the electrode-electrolyte interface. The catalytic activities of these oxygen and/or hydrogen adsorbed electrode materials on the organic synthesis through oxidation or reduction were also discussed.