Indigenous Peoples Customary Land Tenure and Governance Structure: Case Study of the Sediq Peoples

原住民族傳統土地規範與統治結構：以賽德克族為例的觀察與其意義

蔡志偉(Chih-Wei Tsai)

《原住民自然人文期刊》 創刊號 (2009/09) Pp. 111-144

https://doi.org/10.29875/JNHEIP.200909.0004

摘要

對全球的原住民族而言，殖民化使原住民族在經濟、社會、政治、文化等方面較之非原住民族處於不平等的地位。從財產權所有的制度來觀察，原住民族自接觸外來民族以降，對其傳統所居住與佔有的土地，置於古典國際法與傳統歐陸法制架構之下，此一「既成、法律」事實，未獲殖民者政權之承認。在傳統西方殖民思想的財產權概念底下，原住民族僅係居無定所的狩獵與遊牧民族，自然無法成為適格的財產所有主體。這樣的經歷與臺灣的原住民族並無不同。從歷史發展的脈絡以觀，任憑臺灣原住民族自古即植根於臺灣島上，這樣的第一主人的事實卻仍然扭轉不了長久以來臺灣原住民族所受外來民族的殖民性侵略，舉其要者，包含了不公平與歧視性的經濟掠奪、社會地位歧視、政治壓迫與外來民族對原住民族文化的忽視與破壞。本篇文章旨在建構臺灣原住民族對其傳統土地自始、固有的合法權格。藉由賽德克族傳統法律與社會規範的重建，體現原住民族傳統文化與土地之關係。本研究認為國家法對原住民族傳統土地權格之承認，將內化原住民族傳統權利為現代權利，並有助於保障原住民族土地權之實體化過程。尤有甚者，此一國家法之肯認，亦將強化並提供原住民族傳統主權與統治結構之法律正當性。

關鍵字

原住民（族） ； 殖民（主義） ； 財產權 ； 傳統法律 ； 自我治理

並列摘要

Colonization left indigenous peoples in an unequal position compared to the mainstream societies in the economic, social, political and cultural arenas in the world. This experience is no difference from the experience of indigenous groups in Taiwan. Under conventional European standards, indigenous peoples were not entitled to property rights in land because they were perceived as non-farming nomads. Based on this prejudiced assumption, indigenous peoples were merely the inhabitants, but not the proprietors of the land. Despite evidence to the contrary, the argument was based on misconceptions of aboriginal life, including the belief that indigenous peoples merely roamed over the land and were not in the habit of cultivating the soil. Nevertheless, each of these assumptions did not go uncontested.Sediq Peoples have always lived in close relationship with their land through many generations. They have, based on a number of historical, social, and religious factors, and through critical observation as well as innovation evolved a holistic and traditional knowledge of their lands. This account examines the role of such customary land tenure has played or plays in indigenous traditional governance structure.One of the main tasks of this paper is to build legal justification for an original indigenous right to land in Taiwan. This paper aims to show a customary regulatory regime in the Sediq traditional land and territory through the reconstruction of indigenous customary laws and traditional social institutions. It is thus argued that the recognition of indigenous traditional land tenure substantiates the indigenous property system and legitimatizes the claim of indigenous inherent sovereign power over traditional lands.

並列關鍵字

indigenous peoples ； colonization ； property rights ； customary laws ； self-governance