貨物運送人與其履行輔助人法律責任之探討

The Liability of Carriers and Fulfillment Assistants in Goods Transportation

林一山(I-Shan Lin)

《臺灣海洋法學報》 1卷2期 (2002/12) Pp. 25-52

https://doi.org/10.29881/TLSR.200212.0002

摘要

在現代經濟生活中，債務人自己履行契約上義務已成為例外了，使用履行輔助人反而成為常態。在貨物運送中，此種現象更是明顯：視運送給付義務的特性及多樣性而定—例如運送路線、運送物的數量及性質、或其他附隨給付義務的種類而需要不同的履行輔助人，運送義務已不可能單獨由單一運送人履行完成了。運送法學者曾舉一個例子，說明貨物從德國莫色耳河畔的大學城Trier運到美國加州的Berkeley共需九個企業參與其中。不只在一般民法中有關於債務人及其履行輔助人責任規屬原則及責任分配之規定，在特別的運送法規中，這些規定更是屢見不鮮。本文首先提到我國民法224條（相當於德國民法278條）之規定，並分析其責任成立原則、人及物之適用範圍、說明何謂履行輔助人的行為及其義務違反的標準，以確定此時運送人是否為履行輔助人的行為而負責；次分別就海上運送、陸上運送及航空運送等不同的運送領域，佐以大陸法系，例如德國、法國及英美普通法方面的學說與法院判決，而分析各相關運送法規之規定。

關鍵字

運送人責任 ； 履行輔助人 ； 運送人擔保責任 ； 責任歸屬原則 ； 危險分配原則 ； 責任預防原則

並列摘要

In the modern economic world, it's quite normal that debtors meet their contract obligations through the use of fulfillment assistants, and not by themselves. Especially in the field of goods transportation, such phenomenon is very obvious, because transportation obligation can no longer be executed by a single carrier nowadays. Which kind of fulfillment assistants would be needed, depends entirely upon the characteristics and multiplicity of transport liability, for instance, the nature and quantity of cargo, routes of transportation, and other sorts of appended transport liability. An example given in this article is to show that the cooperation of nine firms is required to carry out the cargo transportation from Trier in Germany to Berkeley in California.Not only the civil law but also the transportation law prescribes the liability attribution and distribution of debtors and their fulfillment assistants. According to article 224 of Taiwanese Civil Law (cf. German BGB §278) I would like to go deeply into some questions about the principle of liability determination of carriers, the application scope of the subjective and objective, the criteria for determining the breach of duty of fulfillment assistants, and the responsibility of carriers for the acts of their fulfillment assistants, etc. Next, a law analysis related to air, land, and sea transportation would be presented with the comparison of legal theories and court judgments between the Anglo-American common law system and the statute law system used in continental Europe such as Germany and France.

並列關鍵字

liability of carrier ； fulfillment assistant ； guarantee liability of carrier ； principle of liability attribution ； principle of risk allocation ； principle of liability prevention