中共反偷渡法治之探討

人口遷徙之原因甚多，現代國家多將移民視為正常而自然之事，但人口流動若未經由合法管道，而係非法進出國境，則是各國皆難以接受之偷渡行為。偷渡直接危害出境國與入境國之國境管理秩序，間接影響國際關係、國家尊嚴與聲譽以及社會治安，更可能導致公務員腐敗，衍生各種意外事件、債務糾紛，甚至械鬥，而對國家、社會、家庭、個人均造成莫大的傷害。兩岸間偷渡問題，現以大陸地區人民偷渡至臺灣地區為主。然而，日前若非發生大陸女偷渡犯遭運送者推下海溺斃事件，恐尚難引起各界之關切與重視。檢討起來，大陸人民前仆後繼偷渡來台之原因，不外乎打工賺錢、依親、畏罪潛逃、索討債務、請求庇護等各種內在主觀因素，也包括貧富不均、蛇頭仲介、管理漏洞、執法不嚴打擊不力、觀念偏差包庇縱容等外在客觀因素，而法制不夠完善、刑責過輕，亦應是相當關鍵之因素。本文嘗試探討大陸地區反偷渡之相關法制，包括1982年《關於對非法越境去台人員的處理意見》、1993年《關於嚴厲打擊偷渡犯罪活動的通知》、1994年《關於嚴懲組織、運送他人偷越國（邊）境罪的補充規定》，1979年、1997年刑法之妨害國（邊）境管理罪。期能藉由法制面之研析，提出遏阻偷渡之具體修法建議。

關鍵字

偷渡；非法移民；蛇頭；妨害國（邊）境管理罪；兩岸刑事司法互助

並列摘要

Many modern countries view immigrations as normal phenomenon between countries, and there are many reasons behind why people want to immigrate. However, most countries will regard illegal immigrations as an unacceptable phenomenon. Illegal immigrations have a direct impact on the countries that are involved, where it puts extra pressure on the entry and exit management of the country and creates disturbance in the society. Indirectly, it projects a negative image of the countries that are involved, where the respective reputation is been tainted and cause a rift between countries' relation. Furthermore, there are many social issues and burden that are related or associated with the problem of illegal immigration.Currently, the illegal immigration problem between the Taiwan Strait is very one-way, where the problem is contributed mainly by the people from Mainland China trying to enter Taiwan illegally. Very little attention has been placed on this problem, not until after the incident of the female illegal immigrants that were drowned, after the human trafficking throw them overboard.To sum up, the reasons behind the stowaways from Mainland China to Taiwan are complex, where subjective elements, such as making money, looking for relatives, decamping from crimes or debts, and running away from political prosecutions, but also include objective elements, such as large gap between the wealthy and the poor, the seduction by the human trafficking brokers, the improper management, poor legal regulations, bias of valuation and so on. Furthermore, the flaws of the regulations and the ill suited punishments are also the key factors of this problem. This paper tries to propose suggestions for the legislations of diminishing stowaways by exploring the related regulations of Mainland China.

並列關鍵字

Stowaway ； illegal immigrant ； human snake head ； the crime of interfering with the regulations of the national boundaries ； the criminal judicial cooperation between Taiwan Strait