二十一世紀國際海商法之立法趨勢及其統一之障礙與難題

著國際貿易及國際海運事業的蓬勃發展，在國際海事組織（IMO）、聯合國貿易發展委員會（UNCTAD）和聯合國貿易法委員會（UNCITRAL）等國際組織的努力下，制定了數十個國際海事公約，積極的推動國際海商法的統一。然而自「1978年漢堡規則」和「1980年多式聯合運送公約」通過之後，聯合國貿易法委員會（UNCITRAL）及其他國際組織均把重心放在公約的生效及實施之上，至1990前後，國際海事公約的制定方又活絡起來。國際公約固然為海商法的主要表現形式之一，但是並不是所有的公約均能在每一個國家無條件的實施生效，往往受到政治、經濟等多種因素的影響。本文的目的即在針對數個重要公約簽訂、生效、及實施的情形，來探究近代國際海商法統一的立法趨勢及其障礙。

關鍵字

海商法；國際海事公約；聯合國；聯合國貿易發展委員會；聯合國貿易法委員會；國際海事組織；國際海商法學會

並列摘要

Following the proliferation of international trades and the development of international transportation industries, the harmonization and the uniformity of the International Maritime Law have become essential issues among the international maritime organizations. After the ratifications of the Hamburg Rules in 1978 (drafted by UNCITRAL) and the UN Convention on Multimodal Transport in 1980 (drafted by UNCTAD), most international maritime organizations have been focusing their efforts on the enforcement of these conventions instead of drafting a new one; this legislative trend has been maintained, not until the early 1990s' did this trend has been reversed.There is no doubt that the international convention, among the existing laws, is one of the most important harmonization instruments of the International Maritime Law. However, due to variations presented in every country's compelling needs, politics, technical and legal problems involved, not all the conventions could be ratified and implemented in each country without considering the complexity and individuality. The article analyzed the track records of a number of the better-known maritime conventions to explore the legislative trends and the obstacles to the harmonization and the uniformity of the modern International Maritime Law.