漁業行政管制不確定科技證據之因應

The Resolutions of Uncertain Scientific Evidence in Fishery Regulatory Affairs

蔡達智(Dennis Tsai)

《臺灣海洋法學報》 23期 (2015/12) Pp. 117-147

摘要

科技證據不論對於公部門的立法、行政與司法機關，或從事漁業的漁民、企業、保育團體、消費者等，皆有相當大的影響力。然而，科技證據在漁業規範的理論與應用，不論是因為研究質量不足或研究方法與目的偏差的缺憾，往往處於不確定的狀態。如果還要加入更加不確定的政治、經濟、社會、文化等因素，證據呈現必定更加不確定，進而影響相關管制規範適用可能性也處於不確定。假使適用該等規範嚴重影響人民的權利，甚至科處刑事處罰，對於被規範的主體而言，恐怕會有規範不明確而感到恐懼，進而為脫法與規避管制行為。如何避免科技證據的不確定，導致適用管制規範不確定的負面效應，除應努力加強科學研究發展、發現新知之外，所有管制機關與公民應以平等充分尊重立場，以分工合作代替對抗衝突及強制處罰，求取最適當的不確定風險承擔的方法、標準與程序，最後方依不確定風險的危害高低，採取短暫或長期的預防管制措施，並應隨時檢討修正新近的科技證據及其衍生的各項管制措施，降低或避免不確定漁業科技證據帶來的不便與傷害風險。

關鍵字

科技證據 ； 專家意見 ； 最大再生能量 ； 動物保育 ； 預防原則

並列摘要

Scientific evidence has a significant effect on any process of analysis, judgment and decision making under the fishery regulatory regime. There were uncertainties among professional expert’s opinions as evidence that may be proved to be truth. Beyond the acts of God, the scientific uncertainty could be resulted from inappropriate research objective, undue process of methodology or any other accidental factors. Except to the natural limitation on the research, the uncertain causation of fact may also exist in any complex interconnections with political, economic, social and cultural circumstances. Following this uncertain evidence to prove the unclear fact, the fishery law and regulation may not have highly possibility to be enforced precisely and exactly. At the same time, people could be suffered from the uncertain ambiguity criminal codes and procedures but highly possibility to be sentenced to jail without well define scientific evidence. In order to avoid this negative influence to the law and society, scientist should try their best to find the sophisticate work of arts which suitable for the necessity of regulatory required. Otherwise, the governmental departments and all the related people around the fishery industry shall cooperate with each other to find the best science or to balance the different but best interests from any stakeholders else. If there were not have any chance to cooperate with all the stakeholders, the last chance of balancing the interests between fishery and environment will locate on the measurements of precaution principle.

並列關鍵字

Precaution principle ； expert opinion ； scientific evidence ； animal welfare ； maximum sustainable yield

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