自然人之行為能力

The Capacity to Make Juridical Acts of Natural Person

蘇惠卿(SU HUI CHIN)

《臺灣海洋法學報》 24期 (2016/12) Pp. 101-120

摘要

行為能力指能獨立完成有效法律行為之資格，民法依自然人之年齡及實際之精神狀態，將行為能力區分為三階段：無行為能力人，限制行為能力人，及完全行為能力人。無行為能力人包含未滿七歲之未成年人及受監護宣告之人，限制行為能力人則包含滿七歲以上之未成年人及受輔助宣告之人。無行為能力人有實施法律行為之必要時，由法定代理人以代理方式為無行為能力人為之。滿七歲以上之未成年人有必要為法律行為時，除以法定代理方式由法定代理人代行之外，亦可由法定代理人行使同意權，由限制行為人自行為之。此時，如果限制行為人未得法定代理人之允許而先為法律行為，仍需事後取得法定代理人之承認，該法律行為始得有效。但純獲法律上利益，及依其年齡及身分、日常生活所必需者，即使無法定代理人之同意亦可有效。通說認為所謂中性行為，因對限制行為能力人既不生利益，亦屬無害，故無需得法定代理人之同意。受輔助宣告之人雖因老化或精神疾病致其判斷能力有所不足，但其程度尚未到嚴重程度，故如有需要實施第十五條之二規定之特定法律行為時，為尊重其個人之意思，由輔助人從旁以行使同意權方式協助其自行為之。輔助人非受輔助宣告之人的法定代理人，不得以法定代理方式代受輔助宣告之人為法律行為。

關鍵字

法律行為 ； 意思能力 ； 行為能力 ； 限制行為能力人 ； 監護人 ； 受輔助宣告之人 ； 輔助人 ； 同意

並列摘要

The civil law divides the behavioral capacity into three stages according to the age and actual mental state of the natural person: (1) The minor, who has not reached their seventh year of age, and a person who has become subject to the order of the commencement of guardianship, has no capacity to make juridical acts. (2) The minor, who is over seven years of age, has a limited capacity to make juridical acts. And a person under assistance also has a limited capacity to make some important juridical acts. (3) A majority and the married minor has the capacity to make juridical acts. A person who has no capacity to make juridical acts shall be represented by his guardian for making or receiving an expression of intent. The making or receiving of an expression of intent of a person who is limited in capacity to make juridical acts must obtain the consent of his guardian, except when the expression of intent relates to the pure acquisition of a legal advantage, or to the necessaries of life according to his age and status. It is said that the so-called neutral behavior, because to the minor there is neither benefit also harmless, so do not need to obtain the consent of his guardian. A person under assistance must obtain the consent of his/her assistant if he/she intends to perform any of the acts in Article 15-2; provided, however, that, this shall not apply to any act relating to pure legal benefit or the necessity based on the person's age, status, and daily life. A person under assistance, his/her assistant is not his/her statutory agent, so his/her assistant can not represent the person under assistance for making juridical acts.

並列關鍵字

juristic act ； mental capacity ； legal capacity ； perpetratoy minors ； guardianship (guardian) ； person under curatorship (curator) ； consent

參考文獻

王澤鑑(2010)。民法總則增訂版。作者自版。

吳光明(2008)。民法總則。三民書局。

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林誠二(2007)。民法總則。作者自版。

邱聰智(2005)。民法總則。三民書局。