藉栽培技術提昇落葉果樹產業之競爭力

Increasing Compatibility of Deciduous Fruit Trees Industry via Cultural Techniques

林信山(Hsin-Shan Lin)

《臺中區農業改良場特刊》 38號 (1997/06) Pp. 71-86

https://doi.org/10.29563/ZHWHGX.199706.0001

摘要

提昇產業競爭力之意義為提昇經營者之獲利能力，落葉果樹經營者獲取經營利潤之能力，雖因果樹別差異很大，共同性的影響因子為栽培技術，因此。改進栽培技術以提昇產業競爭力長久以來均受到重視。過去三年來，農委會支持落葉果樹栽培技術與生理之研究獲致不少成果。在葡萄方面，得知割草式與圓盤式中耕除草機之行走速度相同，每公頃割草時數為9.3小時，背負式割草機10.7小時；修剪後清園工作，以枝條打碎機將枝條粉碎後以中耕機混入表土中，每公頃需12.2（夏季）~20.3（冬季）工，較人工清園節省工時約50%；颱風災後施有機肥復育，有利於萌芽率、枝長及穗長之增加；噴施cytokinin類物質於花（果）穗或噴鈣於新梢三次，可減輕蜜紅葡萄果實之軟化；夏果採收後約二週行斷根處理，配合施用高碳氮比之有機肥料，可促使新根大量產生；樹幹注射具有迅速改善樹體營養狀況之效果，且增加樹幹周長。梨之研究成果，包括獲知高冷地之豐水梨經良好肥培與誘引，在果－穗雙向栽培體制下，每公頃收穫11mT果實及採收腋花芽穗約600kg（約24萬花芽）；證實省產接穗之品質，與日本貨相當；高接梨之嫁接適期可以枝條澱粉含量之變化及其相對之碘液呈色變化預測；台東地區高接之新世紀梨，最適當之嫁接時期應在十二月下旬至一月中旬間；台灣原生梨有取代橫山梨砧木的潛力；橫山梨於生理落果後施氮肥使植株橫向生長枝條之長度及葉片數增加；種在低海拔地區之豐水梨，於春季二季噴施2%之氰胺溶液，促使落葉後再萌芽之技術，具有一年兩收的潛能。桃之研究成果，包括水蜜桃在高冷地隔雨設施內成功的密植生產；台農甜蜜桃等品種在南澳、三星、員山等地試作成功。李樹經秋季修剪後有花期提前、盛花期集中、以及著果比率提高之效果。梅樹於十月間修剪及落葉後，生育週期較為正常，開花率為48.8%，不完全花比率為5.5%。四周柿若用傳統的豆柿為砧木，其營養生長極度旺盛，若以富有柿實生苗為砧木，有矮化、提早開花、提高著果率及產量的強大潛力。目前落葉果樹產業遭遇的問題包括生產成本偏高、樹體生產力衰退、果園立地條件不佳、天然災害頻繁、基礎研究仍需加強、產銷體系仍可更健全及預期來自外國的競爭將更嚴酷等，若要克服這些問題，進而提昇落葉果樹競爭力，似可從下述方向著手：（一）加強基礎建設：改善果園連外交通之品質、普及電力供應、改善灌排水設施、建立防風林、及做好水土保持與地被植物等。（二）提昇生產技術：有效的降低生產成本、提高果實品質、確立合理之整枝與修剪技術、適當的應用資材與設施、開發新技術等。（三）健全運銷體系：經由教育使生產者與中間商及消費者都有正確理念、擴大產銷班的功能、推行果品共選作業、建立直銷管道、最後成立單一產業公會等。（四）行政上之配合：淘汰生產力低之不適園、發展觀光果園、發揮研究群整合功能等。

並列摘要

Increasing competitive ability of industry means increasing income of managers. Although the amount of income of deciduous fruit tree growers depends on the kinds of fruit trees they grow, the general affective factor is cultural techniques. Therefore, the increase of the competition ability of fruit tree industry through the improvement of cultural techniques has been emphasized so far. Concil of Agriculture, which granted many research projects in the past three years, has reached many achievements. In the studies of grapevine, the results showed that the mowing hours per hectare needed for disc-type cultivator-mower was 9.3 hours, for portable mower was 10.7 hours; the prunned canes were crashed by branch slasher following mix with orchard surface soil by minitiller taked 12.2 (summer) to 20.3 (winter) hours of man power, it wa about 50% of labor; the application of organic fertilizers after typhoon damage favored bud-breaking and increased length of cane and inflorescence; the application of cytokinins on inflorescence or rachis or application of calcium on shoot decreased soften of berries of cv. Mehong; roots prunned at two weeks after harvest in summer combined application of higher C/N organical fertilizers force a lot of roots emergenced; injection of nutrient solution into trunk improved nutrient status of grapevine and increased circle of trunk. Studies on the pears achieved in several ways: under proper fertilization and forcing of shoots, cv. Kousui could harvested 11 mT of fruits and 600 kg of floral bud scions; the quality of floral bud scions producted at Taiwan was equavalent to the production from Japan; the timing of budbreaking of Hengshan pear could be predicted via the starch content and its KI staining; the proper time of top-grafting at Taitung area was from late of December to the mid January; Taiwan native pear cultivar has pontential to replace the cv. Hengshan as a stock for high-chilling pear cultivation at lowland of Taiwan; Nitrogen fertilization at the end of physiological dropping of Hengshan favored the length of horizontal shoots and the number of leaves; Kousui pear planted at lowland could harvested twice in a year via the application of 2% Cyanamide solution at spring and autumn that caused potential budbreaking twice a year. Studies on the peach developed a high intensity system of high-chilling peaches at highland under rain-shield facilities; cv. Premier could be planted economically at Nan-Iku, San-Sei and En-san. The prunning at autumn led to the earlier flowering, concentrated blooming, and higher fruit setting percentages of plum trees. Japanese apricot trees had a more regular growth in terms of flowering rate of 48.8% and imcompleted flower rate of 5.5% through the prunning and artificial dropping of leaves in October. In native cv. Mamegaki persimmon is used as stock for cv. Shichou as in the traditonal way, the growth in nutrition of cv. Shichou would be very active; If cv. Fuyu seedling is used as stock it may result in highly potential of dwarfing, early blooming, and yield. Nowadays the problems which perplexed the deciduous fruit tree industry includes higher costs, declining productivity of trees, bad state of orchard, havey natural demages, basical researches has to be strengthen, producing- selling system has to be strengthen, and serious competition from foreign countries, etc. In order to overcome these problems and thus fortify the competitive ability of deciduous fruit tree industry, some approaches may be taken: 1. Strengthen basic facilities: improve the roads outward from fruit gardens, suffice electricity, ameliorate water supply and drainage system, build up wind-breaks, and better water and soil conservation, etc. 2. Raise the level of productive techniques: lower production expense efficiently, better fruit quality, set up rational skills of prunning, proper use of sources and facilities, and research of new techology. 3. Better the selling system: educate the producers, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers so that they have correct concepts, consign the group farming and marketing squads with more functions, grouping quality screen of fruits, set up direct selling system, and finally form an board for each fruit tree industry. 4. Cooperation with governmental policies: close gardens with lower-productivity set up pick-and-pay farming, make good use of the synthesizing function of study groups.