高接梨蜜蜂授粉技術之研究

Evaluation of Promoting Cross-Pollination by Honeybees in Top-Grafted Pear in Taiwan

吳輝虎(Hei-Hu Wu) ； 吳登楨(Den-Jen Wu)

《臺中區農業改良場特刊》 75號 (2005/12) Pp. 243-252

https://doi.org/10.29563/ZHWHGX.200512.0007

摘要

高接梨為臺灣重要果樹產業，現有高接品種中，幸水（Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Kosui）及豐水梨（Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Hosui）開花期較早，但具有自交不親合性，自花授粉著果率僅約30～40%，新興梨（Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Shinkou）開花期較晚，與母樹橫山梨（Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Heng-San）花期相近，容易雜交授粉，田間自然授粉著果率可達70%以上。因此農民普遍購買花粉並以人工授粉來增加著果率，但成本高且人力缺乏。本研究在網室內利用嫁接期先後來調整幸水、豐水及新興3品種花期，使開花期一致，並引進義大利蜂（Apis mellifera L.）進行授粉。結果顯示，網室內3品種著果率均在82～85%之間，與開放區（對照組）每公頃釋放4箱（約10,000隻蜜蜂／箱），並無顯著差異。另於花苞期將花穗罩以32目白尼龍紗網，隔離授粉昆蟲，幸水、豐水及新興梨3品種著果率均在10%以下，顯示授粉昆蟲之重要性。高產漿蜂種對梨花粉之採集力高於產蜜蜂種（3:1），可為授粉蜂群選用之參考。栽培管理上，在園區內同時嫁接具雜交親合性的不同品種，促使花期一致，以增加雜交授粉源，授粉期依開花比率，分二批（2箱／公頃／每批）引進授粉蜂群，並配合田間蜜蜂授粉技術及管理條件，達到提升著果率之目標。比較利用蜜蜂與人工授粉，平均每公頃可省工40,000元以上，可大幅降低授粉成本，提升競爭力。

關鍵字

高接梨 ； 蜜蜂 ； 授粉 ； 花粉粒 ； 著果

並列摘要

To evaluate the possibility of cross-pollination by honeybee (Apis mellifera ligustica) instead of manual-manipulation by people in three top-grafted pear cultivars (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Kosui, Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Hosui and Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv. Shinkou which were grafted onto Pyrus pyrifolia cv. Heng-San), honeybees were removed into a green-house where three pear cultivars were planted and an open field with the same ones was used as the control during flowering wave. The fruit set and the amount of pollen collected were investigated. The results indicated that no significant difference between fruit set was recorded in any green-house grown treatments and the control, whereas both had significantly higher fruit set than that of isolated pollination using Nilon net (32#/inch^2). The group of honeybee colonies with higher jelly production collected significantly higher amount of pollen grain than that of higher honey production ones. It was suggested that cross-pollination using honeybee might be an effective technique to replace manual-manipulation by people and to reduce production cost of pear industry in Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

top-grafted pear ； honeybee ； pollination ； pollen grain ； fruit set