有機蔬菜栽培體系之研發與建立

Research and Integrated Management of Organic Vegetable Production System

戴振洋(Chen-Yang Tai) ； 蔡正宏(Jeng-Hong Tsai) ； 陳葦玲(Wei-Ling Chen)

《臺中區農業改良場特刊》 113號 (2012/10) Pp. 117-130

https://doi.org/10.29563/ZHWHGX.201210.0005

摘要

在臺灣推行有機蔬菜栽培，必須面對臺灣氣候的高溫多濕，因此面臨頗多的挑戰與困難，包括針對適合有機栽培之蔬菜品種或種類的研究較少，目前仍以栽培有機葉菜類栽培為主，而栽培有機果菜類及長期蔬菜類者僅佔少數，所以消費者可以選擇有機蔬菜的品項相當有限。本場多年在投入有機栽培研究已有顯著之成果，為擴展有機農產品之多樣性，以朝向有機農產品精緻化及高附加價值發展。本文擬介紹本場在有機蔬菜栽培體系之研發與建立，以供未來有機蔬菜研究與應用之參考。有機蔬菜栽培為遵守自然資源循環永續利用原則，不允許使用合成化學物質，強調水土資源保育與生態平衡之管理系統，並達到生產自然安全之蔬菜產品為目標。有機蔬菜栽培體系之研發與建立，以本場在有機甜瓜及有機茭白為例說明：（一）有機甜瓜栽培體系之研發與建立，有機甜瓜（包括東方甜瓜及洋香瓜）在生育中後期蔓枯病逐漸發病，目前尚無有機栽培可以推薦的適當防治方法。綜合有機東方甜瓜（美濃瓜）的栽培試驗結果，事先選用對病蟲害具抗或耐性的品種，採用有機介質耕栽培方式，再配合適量的有機質肥料及有機液肥，可以產出滋味甜美的有機東方甜瓜。因此，採用本場建立此套完整的有機東方甜瓜栽培體系，將可提供農民參考應用。（二）有機茭白栽培體系之研發與建立，本場著手進行有機資材之防治效果及適用性，選擇符合有機農業生產之資材進行田間施用，調查對病蟲害防治之效用及茭白筍品質之評估，希望能尋找到可用的有機資材，以提供有機栽培農友未來應用之依據。在福壽螺方面，本場試驗研究發現以飼養菜鴨或青魚等魚類對於福壽螺的密度能加以控制，降低為害成效顯著。在銹病方面，以可濕性硫磺500倍防治效果顯著，僅部分老葉仍有些許銹病病灶，但已能抑制病害持續擴散。胡麻葉枯病害之防治，初步以中場生技A、B液5－50倍，A、B液加硫磺或碳酸氫鉀等混合液效果最為顯著，未來將進一步在田間實際應用評估；另外也發現，在新生葉片較不易受胡麻葉枯病感染，因此利用採收後刈除地上部，使葉片重新生長，可降低胡麻葉枯並罹病程度。長綠飛蝨利用窄域油與黑殭菌的輪替噴施，並配合於每月清除下位老葉，以增加田區通風性，此種複合性管理防治方式能將長綠飛蝨密度抑制在經濟損失範圍內。以往茭白在有機栽培的最大問題就是病蟲害防治不易，缺乏有效性的防治資材，導致有機茭白筍在產量上，往往低於慣行栽培甚多。目前本場建立一套完整的有機茭白栽培體系，完成有機防治資材等初步評估，能有效防治病蟲害，其產量已可與慣行栽培相較，此栽培體系將可提供有機農民生產之應用。本場針對有機栽培生產技術加強相關試驗研究，以克服臺灣有機生產面臨困境，期穩定有機生產及降低農民成本。故積極開發不同有機蔬菜之栽培體系、有機液體肥料研發，有機資材應用於病害及蟲害防治之可行性研究。希藉由本場相關研究人員試驗成果，建立有機甜瓜及茭白栽培體系之研發，以降低有機蔬菜生產之失敗率，並應用於其他類有機蔬菜栽培體系，期能助於有機蔬菜生產目標之達成，將可維護有機農民生產之基本收益。

並列摘要

Organic vegetable production and extension in Taiwan has to face climatic issue, high temperature and humidity, which cause kinds of challenges and difficulties. However, studies about organic vegetable suitable species or variety are few. Leafy vegetables accounts for a major proportion while fruit while long-term vegetables are much less. Thus, the organic vegetable choices for consumer are limited. Taichung Distinct Agricultural and Extension Station (TDARES) has been devoted in researching organic cultivation for many years to expand the diversity and develop exquisite and high added-value organic agriculture products. The present topic was to introduce the R&D and establishment for organic vegetable production system that hoped can be a reference for the research and application in the future.Organic agricultural cultivation, emphasizing on the conservation and balance of ecology, is not allowed to use chemical synthesized materials in order to obey natural resources cycling and sustainable usage then produce natural and safety agricultural products. In this study, we take two vegetable crops from our station's research for example to illustrate the R&D and establishment of organic vegetable production system.(1) Melon (Cucumis melo L.)Gummy stem blight occurring gradually during the middle and last growth stage of organic melon including Cucumis melo L. var. reticulates Naud. and albida Makino, but there is still not recommendable organic control method yet. The productive system including pest and disease tolerant cultivar selection, optimal organic solid and liquid fertilizer developed by TDARES can produce high quality melon and apply for the farmers as references.(2) Water bamboo (Zizania aquatica L.)Organic pest and disease control materials was selected, developed and evaluated its efficiency and the effect on production quality. Raising brown Tsaiya (Cairina moschata) and black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) can keep the density of apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in the field. 80% sulfur 500X diluents showed significantly inhibit efficiency on rust disease that rust lesions only observed in the older leaves. 5-50X TDARES-bio A and B diluents mixed with sulfur or KHCO3 had the better effect on brown spot disease control, followed by Trichoderma asperellum and Bacillus subtilis according to the preliminary results of in vitro experiment. Field assessment for their application will be the next study topic. The integrated control by rotation application using narrow range oil and Metarhizium anisopliae with removing the lower leaves for increasing ventilation can control the density of greenslender planthopper (Saccharosyden procerus Matsumura) and then reduce the yield loss. The key problem for water bamboo organic cultivation is pet and disease control because of lacking of effective material pre in the past. The yield of organic cultivation yield based on the integrated pest and disease management system illustrate previously is almost the same as conventional culture.To overcome the difficulties of organic vegetable production in Taiwan, TDARES reinforces the related researches, including development of different production systems, organic liquid fertilizers, pest and disease controlled materials, hoping to stabilize the cultivation and reduced the productive cost. We hope to take the experience of melon and water bamboo applying to other vegetables and hope to increase the income of organic vegetable growers.