有機水稻栽培體系之研發與建立

Research and Integrated Management of Organic Rice Production System

宣大平(Dah-Pyng Shung) ； 林泰佑(Tai-U Lin) ； 陳任芳(Jen-Fang Chen) ； 潘昶儒(Cheng-Zu Pan) ； 黃佳興(Chia-Hsing Huang) ； 施清田(Ching-Tien Shih)

《臺中區農業改良場特刊》 113號 (2012/10) Pp. 85-115

https://doi.org/10.29563/ZHWHGX.201210.0004

摘要

水稻是我國最重要的糧食作物之一，為促進水稻栽培採用更友善環境與永續經營之方式，並提供消費者更健康安全之稻米產品，臺灣自1994年起開始推動有機水稻栽培，至2012年3月止全國有機水稻面積達1,666公頃，佔全國有機作物驗證總面積32.1%。經多年之技術研發與推廣，目前水稻有機栽培技術已大致建立，包括環境檢測評估、栽培與肥料施用管理、病蟲害防治、雜草防除等技術，有機水稻成熟的栽培栽培技術已能提供慣行農法農民轉換成有機栽培時良好之技術支援，使近年有機水稻栽培面積擴增速度增快。本場更在有機水稻育苗方面研發連續式水稻種子溫湯消毒機及育苗土處理等技術，成功突破與解決以往有機水稻育苗之技術瓶頸。目前有機水稻的栽培過程中，病蟲害仍是重要關鍵，病蟲害的防治應著重於整個生長期間的管理工作，從水稻的栽培前整地、育苗時注意抗病品種選擇、栽培期間放寬行株距增加通風、合理化施肥及酌減氮肥施用、非農藥防治資材施用與田間衛生等，均應根據當地易發生的病蟲害做好各項預防措施，才能降低病蟲害的發生與確保有機米的生產。在以往較難處理的病害問題，已運用生物防治可利用之拮抗微生物，如枯草桿菌、放線菌以及一些土壤中的有益菌如木黴菌等，及成功突破與解決以往有機水稻育苗之技術瓶頸等，都能有效降低病害危害。政府鼓勵水稻有機栽培朝向集團栽培方式集中發展，在花蓮縣富里鄉羅山、永豐、豐南、石牌與竹田村，及宜蘭縣三星鄉等，均以水稻為主發展具特色之有機村，除更能確保有機生產及避免鄰近慣行農田之干擾與污染外，並與休閒農業結合，發展出二級及三級之更具附加價值之農產業。未來我國有機水稻應朝向更環境友善之方向深化發展，在技術部份，如有機水稻專用品種研發、有機專用之栽培法包括行株距、適合之施肥量與施肥方式等、病蟲草害非農藥防治資材及綜合管理技術、以及營造更生態多元化、環境友善與促進環境健康方式，如綠籬或綠帶等有益環境建構方式、輪作或綠肥應用、減少整地或低投入栽培可行性、減少碳排放等，均需要進一步深入研發可應用之技術，以提供產業應用。本文將介紹我國有機水稻栽培發展狀況，並探討目前在各生產過程中栽培技術現況及所面臨之問題，以及針對有機水稻產業未來發展及需配合研發之技術提出建議，希望能提供各界參考並促進有機水稻產業能更朝向友善環境與永續經營之初衷邁進。

並列摘要

Rice is one of the most important crops in Taiwan. In order to promote rice cultivation using more environment friendly and sustainable technologies, and provide consumers more health and safety rice products, Taiwan began to promote organic rice cultivation since 1994. Up to March of 2012, organic rice area was 1,666 hectares, accounting for 32.1% of the total verified crop area in Taiwan. By technical research and development and promotion in past years, rice organic cultivation technology has been roughly established, including of environment assessment, cultivation and fertilizer management, pest, disease and weed control technology. Mature organic rice cultivation technologies has been able to provide good technical support for farmers of conventional farming methods converted to organic farming, and benefited the amplification of organic rice cultivation area in recent years. And the development of the continuous rice seeds hot water disinfection machine and nursery soil treatment technology have successful breakthrough the technical bottlenecks of organic rice seedling. In organic rice cultivation, pest and disease is still an important issue. In the disease, the use of biological control of antagonistic microorganisms such as Bacillus subtilis, Actinomycetes and soil bacteria such as Trichoderma and non-pesticide materials such as phosphorous acid and plant extracts can effectively reduce the disease hazards. In Hualien and Ilan counties, several organic villages have been developed based on rice mass cultivation. It is better to ensure that organic production could avoid the interference and pollution from neighboring conventional fields and benefit to combine with more value-added leisure agriculture. In future, Taiwan organic rice should be deepen the development toward the more environment friendly direction. In the technical part, such as organic rice varieties breeding, suitable plant spacing and fertilizer methods, pest and disease management techniques, as well as a more ecofriendly environment construction, crop rotation or green manure application, and reduce soil preparation or low-input cultivation feasibility to reduce carbon emissions all require further researches to provide to industrial applications. This article will introduce and discuss Taiwan's organic rice cultivation current development status and problems in each production process. And in future development and need of organic rice industry towards more friendly environment and sustainable management will also provide suggestions for reference.