明代文人生活行為、空間場景與家具使用關係之研究

A Study on the Relationship between Living Behaviors, Living Scene and Furniture Application for Chinese Litterateurs in Ming Dynasty

王麗卿(Li-Ching Wang)

《輔仁大學藝術學報》 1期 (2012/07) Pp. 29-48

https://doi.org/10.29441/JA.201207.0003

摘要

唐代張彥遠《歷代名畫記》曾提及「宣物莫大於言，存形莫善於畫」；畫是「存形」的東西，是反映客觀現實的一種藝術手段。而圖卷中所繪之人物生活行為時，因應活動的形式而採用與活動相呼應的家具，不僅可以支援或輔助活動的進行，在其背後也反映出畫中人物不同的身份以及活動進行的場景和審美情趣。藉由圖卷研究分析可以掌握文人生活行為進行時與家具使用之關係，擬針對中國明代文人的八種生活行為切入，從文人生活行為種類、文人生活的空間場景等面向，來探討文人生活行為的種類與家具使用情形。本研究以明代（西元1368－1643年）的中國文人為研究的對象，在128幅畫作中有216組次人數的生活行為，針對賞樂、奕棋、讀書、書畫、博古、飲酒、清談、品茗等八項文人的生活行為來進行研究，在空間軸方面以中國傳統園林中的戶外庭園、室內空間及亭榭空間等空間為文人生活場景。家具種類以桌案類與坐具類為主，其中在桌案類家具方面則分為方形大案、棋桌、長條案、畫案、琴桌及其他桌案類等六小類，在坐具類家具方面分為羅漢床、榻類、圈椅、交椅、扶手椅、官帽椅、靠背椅、石凳類、木凳類、坐席及其他類等十一小類來進行文人生活行為與家具使用關係之研究。歸納後發現「戶外庭園」中的家具使用考量到戶外天候、方便搬運與耐水性的空間特性，故家具使用偏向低矮方便搬運、造形簡潔、少細部構件及石材運用等特徵，如石桌、木凳類及坐席等，石桌的使用較室內空間與亭榭空間為多。「室內空間」則以木材及高型坐具為主，如長條案、木凳類及圈椅等的使用，室內空間的坐具在形體上而言，比戶外庭園中使用之坐具大得多，如：圈椅及榻類之使用，而屬於半戶外的「亭榭空間」則採用室內空間常用的家具形式，但有體積縮小及造形簡單化的特徵，如造形簡單的扶手椅及具彎腿特徵的木凳類之使用。

關鍵字

文人生活行為 ； 空間場景 ； 家具

並列摘要

Words is the best way to propagate, paintings can save the shape of goods” mentioned ” Art history of paintings ” by Zhang Yan Yuan who is a painter in Tang Dynasty; painting is the best way to reflect the objective reality of an art means. Figure volumes dwarfed the behavior of characters' lives, should be active in the form of activities echoes the furniture can not only support or auxiliary activities, but also reflects the different identities of the people portrayed in the behind, as well as space scene and aesthetic appeal.The object of this study is 128 paintings, 216 groups the number of living behaviors of Chinese Litterateurs in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368-1643), which include music, chess, reading, painting, appreciation, drink, talk, eight kinds of living behaviors of Chinese Litterateurs. Traditional Chinese garden in the outdoor garden, interior space and pavilions space are three kinds of life space scene in space axis aspects of the Litterateurs. The types of furniture are tables' class and seats class, tables' class which is divided into six subclasses of the major square, chess tables, a long narrow table, draw one piano, tables and other tables. tables class which is divided into 11 subclasses of the Ocean bed, class couch, round chair, the top spot, armchair, official hat Armchairs, chairs, stone bench, wooden bench, seats and other, which are to study the relationship between Litterateurs living behaviors and furniture use.Consideration of outdoor garden furniture to outdoor weather conditions, easy handling characteristics of the water resistance of the space, so the furniture biased low for easy handling and simple form, the less detail components and stone use other features such as stone table and found that the induction, the wooden bench class and seating, stone table, the use of more interior space and pavilions space. While wood and seats with the main interior space, such as the use of long narrow table, wooden bench classes and round chair, Desks of the interior space are much larger than the outdoor garden in size, such as round chair and couch class. The semi-outdoor pavilion space ”used furniture in the form of indoor space, but smaller in size and shape characteristics of simplistic, such as a simple form of an armchair and a wooden bench with curved legs feature class use.

並列關鍵字

living behaviors of Litterateurs ； space scenes ； furniture