析辨閩、臺漳州平和裔家族的族群背景：語言使用、族譜紀錄、自我認同之三重證據法

Distinguishing Ethnic Backgrounds of Pinghe Descendants in Fujian and Taiwan: Triple Proves of Language Use, Pedigrees, and Self-identification

吳中杰(Al Chung-chieh Wu)

《全球客家研究》 15期 (2020/11) Pp. 69-103

摘要

臺灣漢族研究傳統上原採漳、泉、粵三分法，從1980年代前普遍不知道漳州人還可分為福佬和客家，到近年來的矯枉過正，俱為過與不及。本文目的在於替漳州客家議題做出平議，試圖設立指標，用文獻比對、實地調查取代「漳州全部都是福佬╱客家」的全盤皆是╱非的論述方式，尋覓貼近真相的合理脈絡。調查的地點是漳州市中佔地面積最大的平和縣。調查指標設定為語言使用、族譜紀錄、自我認同。輔助性的調查條件則以漳州移民飛地判斷這些家族移出原鄉時所用語言。本文將探討：（1）平和縣當代閩客語言使用界線；（2）按族譜紀錄來自汀州客語區和漳州閩語區之家族分布聚落的界線。（3）當代福╱客族群自我認同。定義出最嚴格（說客語、認同客家、祖籍汀州）到最寬鬆（不說客語、不認同客家、但祖籍汀州）的客家族群身分，呈現入居現住地以來歷時的語言╱族群身分演變。分布於最嚴格到最寬鬆之間的區域和家族即為福佬化的客家人，簡稱福佬客。如此不至於把福佬人（說閩南語、認同福佬、祖籍在閩語區）也通通當作漳州客家。從而達成閩、臺漳州平和人福╱客族群嚴謹的析辨，取代印象式的概括，對於福建漳州平和本地及其移民散布的臺灣、廣東等區域的語言及族群現象，取得更周延的解釋。

關鍵字

客家 ； 福佬 ； 平和縣 ； 語言使用 ； 族譜 ； 自我認同

並列摘要

The fact was rarely known that Zhangzhou people should include parts of Hakka before 1980's. However, recent researches leading to the conclusion that all the Zhangzhou people belong to Hakka have also made a hypercorrection. This proposal aims to establish a reasonable estimation through literature review and field work on the attribution of Zhangzhou people. We will excavate survey on Pinghe County in Zhangzhou and Taiwan. Criteria are language use, pedigree of clans, and self- identification. Auxiliary conditions are dialects spoken on those outliers of Zhangzhou emigrants. The article will discuss (1) Hoklo and Hakka dialect, (2) Hoklo and Hakka ancestral settlements, (3) self-identification of the habitants, either Hoklo or Hakka. Then we could define Hakka ethnic group from the strict sense to the loose one. Diachronic change of dialect and identification might also be shown. People who locate between the strict and loose lines should therefore be defined as Hoklonized Hakka, which avoids the confusion of mixing genuine Hoklo altogether. The distinctive effort will achieve a thorough explanation on the linguistic and ethnic phenomena of Zhangzhou, and her outliers dispersing in Taiwan, Canton, Sichuan, and Malaysia.

並列關鍵字

Hakka ； Hoklo ； Pinghe County ； Language Use ； Pedigree ； Self-identification