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台灣南島語中的受格

The Accusative Case in the Formosan Languages

摘要


世界上的語言中,有些語言S(Subject)/A(Agent)不作區分,而區分主語(也就是S/A)及P(Patient)(即受事者);而有些語言則是S(Subject)/P(Patient)不做區分,只將主事者(即Agent)單獨作標記。前者就是所謂的Accusative的語言,後者則是所謂的Ergative的語言。所有的台灣南島語被學者劃分歸屬於南島語族下的一支,也因此被認為屬於Ergative的語言(可能除了魯凱語之外)。然而,在某些台灣南島語中卻存在有受格(Accusative Case),例如:賽夏語、泰雅語及阿美語。本文的目的即在顯示台灣南島語不是全部都是純粹的ergative語言,受格(Accusative Case)應有其合法的語法地位。

並列摘要


In the world languages, there are languages making distinction between S/A and P, while some others distinguishing S/P and A. The former is known as the accusative language, and the latter the ergative language. All the Formosan languages, (probably with the exception of Rukai), sub-grouped under Austronesian language family are considered to belong to ergative languages; nevertheless, there are accusative case attested, or claimed, in some Formosan languages, e.g. Saisiyat, Atayal and Amis. It is the purpose of this paper then to demonstrate that the Formosan languages are not pure ergative languages and to argue for a "legal" status of the Accusative case in the Formosan languages.

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