貧窮與移民的治理：羅漢腳的論述分析

Poverty and the Governance of Migration: A Discourse Analysis for ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂

戴伯芬(Po-Fen TAI)

《文化實踐與社會變遷》 3期 (2020/04) Pp. 11-54

摘要

本研究從傅柯的系譜學觀點，重新檢視羅漢腳的論述、治理以及實踐之轉變，發現其在官方與民間社會論述的矛盾性與多義性。首先，羅漢腳論述彰顯清代封建社會中的皇權與官僚體系之間的權力矛盾，以乾隆卅三年黃教事件作為分水嶺，之前台灣地方官傾向將羅漢腳視為治安問題，內地官員則視其為人口問題，主要治理手段以移民管制與保甲法為主；自乾隆諭示羅漢腳為害之後，官方正式定義羅漢腳為社會動亂來源，但是對於他們的治理手段仍在保甲清莊與收養之間擺盪。其次，民間社會對羅漢腳形成複雜的愛恨情結，且在反身性的情境中進行羅漢腳的救贖與修為。羅漢腳是清代吏治不彰下製造出來的族裔矛盾，從羅漢腳到義民，從義民再淪落盜賊，反映變動中的官方移民論述與治理，也是移民求生、競爭與對抗的社會實踐過程，創造出合作與競爭、順從與反叛的政治悖論。

關鍵字

羅漢腳 ； 移民 ； 治理 ； 論述分析 ； 義民

並列摘要

This article explores the discourse and governances of ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂ (wandering bachelors), and the practices of ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂ in the context of migrant societies of Taiwan. Based on Foucault's archaeology, the ambiguity and polysemy surrounding the term of ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂ is examined. The discourse about ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂ can be interpreted by the examination of documents and materials between the empire and officers, as well as between the illiterate and intellectual in a monarchical federalist bureaucracy. The term of ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂ has also been applied - often officially or socially - to the unemployed immigrant population. An ineffective and invalid migration policy resulted in the growth of the population, which included robbers, criminals and all deviants beyond a state's control by Emperor Qianlong. Since the rebellion in 1768, policies towards ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂ has shifted from a game of cat and mouse to tight immigration control, and strategies for control local rebellions. The status of the ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂ changed over time from traitors to Yimin, and from Yimin to robbers. However, the attitudes of Taiwan's society towards ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂ was varied by class and ethnicity. The public blamed the personality of ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂ on the one hand, and on the other hand some charity groups intended to help them. Since historians are concerned with the causes of ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂ and its effects on social order, this paper intends to show how the discourses and practices of ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂ by the governance and civil society. The ＂lô-hàn-kha-á＂ reflects the governances on migration and poverty, as well as social paradox and practices regarding conformity and resistance, cooperation and competition, and loyalty and rebellion.

並列關鍵字

lô-hàn-kha-á (wandering bachelors) ； migration ； governance ； discourse analysis ； Yimin