臨時構造物第三方稽核制度建立與運作

假設工程中以施工架、模板支撐、擋土支撐及工作平臺等臨時構造物是為災害發生的主要媒介物，災害發生原因以設計階段因測試及檢驗制度不完善，組裝及拆除階段無適當的防護措施或組裝設置不當之外，在使用階段因為臨時構造物重覆使用、材料本身老舊，加上未適當汰換或無汰換機制等，也是造成材料強度降低或功能失效的主要因素。從各相關資料顯示，臨時構造物最大問題在於構件性能無法掌握，功能性不符設計所需。因此，若能在現有臨時構造物的管理措施上輔以公正客觀的第三方單位，可以確保人員認知或專業上的不足所導致的不當設計或不安全的施工行為，而透過第三方稽核驗證，則有助於改善這個狀況。本研究從稽核單位資格與限制、稽核人員資格與必要訓練、稽核作業程序、實驗方法等四大面向建構第三方稽核制度，同時針對臨時構造物之施工架及模板支撐為主，對設計階段及施工規劃階段進行實地稽核驗證，以確認假設工程構件的功能與性能符合工程安全需求；研究中透過第三方稽核機制，於規劃階段即考量到書面資料以及現場實務面的符合性，故第三方輔導稽核愈早介入，愈有助於成效，同時確保營造工程過程安全無虞，達到提升臨時構造物安全及預防職業災害的目的。

關鍵字

施工架；模板支撐；第三方稽核；臨時構造物；試驗驗證

並列摘要

IIn falsework construction, the main mediums of causing disasters are the temporary structures such as scaffoldings, formworks, retaining supports, working platforms. Besides the insufficiency of test and inspection system in design stage, and without the appropriate protection measure during assembling or disassembling stage or improper assembly being the reasons of causing disasters, the repetitive utilization of the temporary structure during usage stage, dated materials, and inappropriate replacement or without the mechanism of replacement are also the main factor of lowering strength of material or losing effectiveness. According to the relevant information, the most serious issue of temporary structure is the uncertainty of component functions and the functionality not fitting the design. Therefore, the existing management measure for temporary structure assisted with neutral and objective third party auditor could ensure operators with insufficient acknowledgement or professional resulting in inadequate design or unsafe construction improving through the audit and inspection by third party. This study establishes the third party audit system through four phases including the qualification and restriction of auditing institutes, qualification and required training for auditors, auditing process, and methodology. This study also focuses on scaffoldings and formwork of temporary structure, and conducts auditing test verification on site during design and construction planning stage, to confirm the function and effectiveness of falsework component corresponding with construction safety demand. Considering the correspondence of documentation and practical work on site at planning stage through third party auditing in this study, the earlier the third party mentor and audit could get involved, the more effective it would be, and the mechanism ensures the safety during the construction to enhance the safety of temporary structure and the purpose to precaution of occupational disaster.