創業歷程的鑲嵌效果：社群中的結構理論觀點

The Effects of Embeddedness in Entrepreneurial Process: A Structuration View in the Community

江烘貴(Hung-Kui Chiang) ； 蔡志豪(Chih-Hao Tsai)

《創業管理研究》 3卷4期 (2008/12) Pp. 53-66

https://doi.org/10.30132/JER.200812.0004

摘要

過去的創業研究大多從總體經濟環境的變動或創業者人格特質等面向探討創業者與創業機會之間的連結。然而創業行為是創業者與環境系絡互動的動態歷程，尤其以社會環境中變動的人際關係網絡與塑形的在地文化背景影響創業行為最劇，因此本研究跳脫以往單面向的經濟思維，從Giddens的結構理論觀點深入探討創業者與社群環境的互動關係，進一步從鑲嵌效果的角度詮釋創業者如何以鑲嵌行為對在地社群產生連結並建立關係，從而發掘或創造創業機會，使個體與環境因為創業機會的利用而改變，從而有助於整體社群的凝聚與發展。本研究援引Jack & Anderson（2002）的田野描述為研究的次級資料，探討創業者如何與社群中的既有系絡進行連結，從認識、互動、鑲嵌到彼此的改變，創業者處在社群中雖然受到原有系絡的限制，卻也從中找到進行創業行為所需要的資源，一方面透過對在地的投入從環境中產生並淬取所需的價值，另方面創業行為也將激盪出新的獨特價值並深植於人與環境之中，使原有社群形塑出新的結構，達成促進群聚創新之動能。

關鍵字

創業 ； 結構理論 ； 鑲嵌 ； 群聚創新

並列摘要

In the past most of the researches in entrepreneurship focused on the connection between entrepreneur and entrepreneurial opportunities, especially in the realm of change of macro environment, or of the entrepreneur's personality. From the dynamic process perspective, however, entrepreneurial behaviors were influenced most by the interactive relationship network and local cultural context in the social environment. Therefore, we use Giddens' theory of structuration to develop the conception in which the opportunities emerged from the interaction between entrepreneurs and local community. Furthermore, embedding in the community enabled entrepreneurs to connect and build relationship with local and then used the specifics of the environment to create or discover opportunities. Thus, entrepreneurial behaviors resulted from mutual constitution of individuals and environment could facilitate the development and coherence of local community. In this study we use field data from Jack & Anderson (2002) to interpret some entrepreneurial stories in a rural community about how the entrepreneurs make nexus to the local from beginning, interacting, embedding, and then changing with residents and the rural structure. Although the entrepreneurs were constrained by the structural rules initially, they could discover or create resources helpful to entrepreneur when they became familiar and tied with residents in their relationship network. By doing such entrepreneurial practices, unique value would be embedded and grown up in the rural community, shaping a new structure of the local.

並列關鍵字

Entrepreneurship ； Structuration ； Embeddedness ； Community Innovation