制度、文化與創業－2011全球創業觀察之跨國比較分析

Institutions, Culture and Entrepreneurship: Cross-country Comparative Analysis of GEM, 2011

莊立民(Li-Min Chuang) ； 楊紋惠(Wen-Hui Yang)

《創業管理研究》 7卷2期 (2012/06) Pp. 35-59

https://doi.org/10.30132/JER.201206.0002

摘要

過去創業活動一直是學術研究的重要議題，回顧創業研究，可以發現創業研究肇始於經濟學，爾後才有學者探討個體創業家的特質面向，近年來的研究則發現影響創業活動的最重要的因素是制度因素。目前有學者研究發現總體經濟與創業活動會形成S型的關係，部分研究則聚焦探討環境（例如：法律、安全）與創業投資的關係。然而，將文化因素納入考量的卻付之闕如，因此本研究為了解文化與制度對創業活動及態度之影響。所以針對：文化價值觀對創業活動之影響、制度對創業活動之影響、文化與制度交互作用對創業活動及態度之影響，分別進行跨國比較分析。本研究運用自組織映射圖（SOM）的研究方法進行研究。並且採用全球創業觀察（GEM）、世界價值觀調查（WVS）及全球競爭力調查（WEF）的數據進行分類研究。研究樣本為共同參與這三個資料庫之國家，共計四十一個國家作為本研究之研究樣本（包括台灣與中國）。研究發現：一、文化會顯著影響創業活動及創業態度；二、發現不同的制度因素會影響創業活動及態度；最後則發現文化及制度交互影響創業活動。

關鍵字

全球創業觀察（GEM） ； 世界價值觀調查（WVS） ； 全球競爭力調查（WEF） ； 全球創業指標（GEDI） ； 制度 ； 文化

並列摘要

Entrepreneurial activity has always been a significant issue in academic research. Reviewing entrepreneurial research, such research was grounded in Economy, and some scholars discussed the dimension of characteristics of individual entrepreneur. From the researches in recent years, the key factor influencing entrepreneurial activity was institutionalism. Currently, some researches stated that macroeconomic forms a S-shape relationship with entrepreneurial activity, while some other researches focused on relationships between environment (i.e: law or safety) and entrepreneurial investment. However, it lacks of researches taking consideration of cultural factors. In order to realize the effects of culture and institution on entrepreneurial activities, this research conducted cross-nation comparison on effects of cultural value, institution, and interacting effects of culture and institution on entrepreneurial activity separately. This research adopted self-organizing map for research, and conducted categorizing research on data from global entrepreneur observations, world value survey and global competitive competence survey. Research subjects were nations from these three databases, in total 41 nations were selected as research samples. From these, this research discovered that: 1. Culture significantly influences entrepreneurial activity, 2. Distinct institutions would influence entrepreneurial activities and 3. Culture and institution interactively influences entrepreneurial activities.

並列關鍵字

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ； World Values Survey ； World Economic Forum ； Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index ； Institutions ； Culture