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地方傳統的建構與文化轉向-以宋金元時期的山西澤州為中心

Cultural Transformation and the Construction of Local Tradition in Zezhou Prefecture, Shanxi Province, from Song to Yuan

摘要


本文旨在討論宋金元時期,在朝廷的宗教政策、基層制度和文化學術潮流的影響下,山西東南部地方社會和歷史文化的變遷。北宋至元代,國家對基層組織的制度設計和澤州民間信仰傳統的改變,共同構築了當地村社的基本面貌以及宋元以後以村社作為鄉村基本組織和村落關係基礎的格局。同時,當地士人在理學發展和推廣的背景下,重整地方民間信仰和學術文化中的各種元素,將地方歷史歸入道統的脈絡中。以村社為標誌的鄉村基層社會和地方文人以道統為依歸的歷史書寫,共同構成了澤州新的地方傳統的重要內容,並且成為明清時期地方歷史發展的起點。有鑑於朝廷的制度和理學的道統在這一地方傳統建構過程中的重要作用,我們把宋金元時期澤州地方文化的轉化過程稱為地方文化的正統化。但是我們也看到,在這個過程中,受到朝廷和理學推崇的正統文化同樣被地方原有的傳統所改變,被百姓加以自己的理解。因此,我們在明清史料乃至今天所看到的澤州地方社會和文化,事實上是經過了宋金元時期的多重建構、書寫、理解和改造的產物。

關鍵字

山西 村社 成湯信仰 程子鄉校 地方傳統

並列摘要


This paper explores the impact of state religious and administrative policies and cultural and scholarly developments on local society and culture in Zezhou prefecture, south-eastern Shanxi Province, from the Song to the Yuan dynasty. On the one hand, state religious policies and the local admininistrative system reshaped village society. Deities with official titles replaced Buddhist deities and earth gods as objects of sacrifice in village shrines. In rural areas, the "cunshe", or territorial sacrificial association, became the basic social organization transcending the family. On the other hand, neo-Confucianism became the orthodox ideology of the local literati. As a result, Zezhou scholars engaged in writing and explaining local history in the context of an orthodox history constructed by neo-Confucianism. These two important trends indicate that local society and culture became increasingly integrated in the larger history of China. But local tradition also persisted in popular religious ritual practice and rural organization.

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