「藝術家」的塑造－清末以來廣東石灣陶瓷從業員的身分地位建構

本文以清末以來廣東省佛山石灣美術陶瓷從業人員為研究對象，嘗試探討這些從業人員在不同的歷史脈絡下如何利用不同的機制、資源和社會力量構建其社會身份和地位。在清末民國時期，隨着贊助人的出現以及展覽會的推動，從事小件美術陶瓷擺件生產的群體逐漸建立個人名聲。1950年代以後，他們變成受尊敬的「民間藝人」。文革結束後，國家給予他們「工藝美術大師」的頭銜，並建立評定各級「工藝師」的職稱制度。1980年代以後，隨着私營企業的出現，這些從事美術陶瓷生產的私營企業主擺脫了國家的機制，通過市場建構藝術家的身份地位。個人的身份地位隨着宏觀環境的改變而改變。本文認為，藝術家之所以能成為「藝術家」，不僅僅是因為他們本身具備的藝術天賦，近代以來中國社會的轉變才是最關鍵的原因。本文旨在探討，默默無名的陶塑工匠在不同的歷史脈絡下怎樣運用最有效的資源建構其身份，成為今天的藝術家。

關鍵字

石灣陶器；民間藝術；身份建構

並列摘要

This article studies the construction of social identity and status among ceramic craftsmen in Shiwan Township of Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China since late Qing. It attempts to explore various social mechanisms, capitals and social forces which the ceramic craftsmen effectively utilized to construct their identity and status. During the late Qing and the Republican period, the craftsmen who produced pottery figures, animals and toys established their fame and identity through patronage and public exhibitions. After 1949 when the new Government introduced a new status-assessing mechanism, these craftsmen were defined by the state with new hierarchical categories like ＂Folk Artists＂ and ＂Master of Crafts and Arts＂. After 1980s when the government allowed private enterprises, some ceramic craftsmen strode away from the state system. Market became an alternative mechanism for these ceramic craftsmen to establish their ＂Artist＂ identity. In other words, establishment of social identity and status is closely related to the craftsmen's response to the changing macro-environment. This paper further argues that the artists became ＂artists＂ not only because of their talent on art, but the change in Modern Chinese society. The article examines how the craftsmen made full use of the most essential resources for identity and status building in different historical context.

並列關鍵字

Shiwan pottery ； folk art ； identity building

國際替代計量

「藝術家」的塑造－清末以來廣東石灣陶瓷從業員的身分地位建構

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