鹼性電解產氫非貴金屬電極觸媒研發現況與組合化學方法應用之探討

Current Status and Discussion of Non-platinum Electrocatalyst via Combinatorial Approach for Alkaline Electrolysis

蔡麗端(Li-Duan Tsai) ； 黃震宇(Jenn-Yeu Hwang) ； 侯雯娟(Wen-Chuan Hou) ； 趙文軒(Wen-Hsuan Chao)

《化學》 80卷1期 (2022/03) Pp. 101-110

https://doi.org/10.6623/chem.202203_80(1).006

摘要

近年極端氣候加劇、天災不斷的慘況，為了避免全球暖化情況加劇及降低大氣層內溫室氣體的含量，因此淨零碳排成為全球各國努力的目標，而潔淨能源即成為兼顧科技發展與環境永續發展的最佳解答。在環境保護的前提的考量下，使用氫氣做為燃料與化學品即成了符合環保期待的良方，其電解水產氫技術是製造氫氣與氧氣的最簡單方式。儘管利用電解水產氫具有相當多的優點，但是在大量產氫的過程卻具有致命的缺點，即耗費相當多的能量導致不符成本。由於在酸性環境下電解產氫，大多數的金屬材料會有被腐蝕的問題，必須使用抗蝕性較高且較昂貴的貴金屬做為電解產氫電極，而在現行眾多電極材料中，貴金屬系之鉑銥一直是催化性能最佳的電極材料之一，但其資源蘊藏量有限的情況下，價格必定相當昂貴，在減低成本的考量下，必須採用其他材料取代。相對地，在鹼性環境中金屬電極則較沒有腐蝕的問題，選擇性也增加許多，相較之下其工業可量產性與大規模普及性皆具潛力，但現行非鉑銥電極觸媒材料雖具低成本的優勢，但其活性卻仍遠不及貴金屬系之鉑銥。能量消耗多與過電位過大有關，而過電位則與電極、電解液、及反應生成物有關。為提升電解水產氫效率，電極扮演重要角色，其可降低活化能及增加反應的界面，並且使其具有低反應起始電位與高電流活性。而活化能降低是受電極表面催化的影響，其取決於電極材料本身催化特性。然而，以傳統研究開發新觸媒材料需要花費相當長的時間來驗證設計的組成，往往造成研發速率瓶頸，結合快速合成及篩選的組合化學（combinatorial chemistry）技術提供了解決此一瓶頸的良方。本文將介紹非鉑電極觸媒材料研發現況以及如何應用組合化學技術於電化學觸媒新材料之研發。

關鍵字

非鉑電極觸媒 ； 鹼性電解產氫 ； 組合化學

並列摘要

In recent years, the extreme climate has intensified and natural disasters have continued. In order to avoid the aggravation of global warming, reduce the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and become the goal of net zero carbon emissions, clean energy has become the goal of taking into account the development of science and technology and the sustainable environment. Due to the concept of environmental protection, the use of hydrogen as fuel and chemicals meets environmental expectations, and electrolysis of water is the easiest way to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Although the use of electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen has considerable advantages, it has a fatal disadvantage in the process of mass production of hydrogen, that is, it consumes a lot of energy and does not meet the cost. Most of metal materials are corrosive easily in an acidic environment, so that high corrosion resistance and more expensive and precious metal could be choose as electrode electrocatalyst and platinum has the best catalytic performance. Due to limited resources under the reserves and high price, the other materials are adopted to reduce the cost. There is no problem with corrosion in alkaline environment, and the option of electrode materials in alkaline fuel increase. Further, alkaline electrolysis is easy to mass production and large-scale popularity, relative to the others environment. Non-platinum electrocatalyst material has the advantage of low cost, but activity is still far less than platinum and iridium. It needs traditionally a huge amount of experiments of synthesis and characterization in sequence to discover new materials, so that this becomes a bottleneck. The combinatorial method provides a solution to solve the issue. This article will give an introduction of combinatorial approach in searching new electrocatalyst materials.

並列關鍵字

Non-platinum electrocatalyst ； Alkaline electrolysis ； Combinatorial method