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Deliberative Bureaucracy: A Decision Making Model of Reconciliation among Expertise, Citizenship, and Information

審議式文官制度初探:公民精神、決策資訊與專業素養的大和解

摘要


In recent years political leadership in Taiwan and the United States faces legitimacy challenges when ruling parties lose major elections. In a weak democracy, consensus building among citizens concerning complex policy dilemmas such as nuclear energy versus environmental protection is rather difficult. But the traditional decision making mechanism under a representative democracy has also been challenged from many fronts. However a deliberative democracy mechanism still seems too pre-mature to develop a suitable mechanism to save democracy from complex policy dilemmas. This paper argues that this legitimacy crisis in democracy can only be defused through a complex decision making mechanism that involves technical expertise from technocrats; dialogue and deliberation among concerned citizens and bureaucracy; and a call for referendum to make final decision on difficult public affairs. This mechanism is called deliberative bureaucracy. The author believes that only through deliberative bureaucracy can democracy regain legitimacy. The paper argues that only through such a mechanism can the true managerial values such as economy, efficiency, and effectiveness be preserved. This discussion will present arguments that these managerial values should be redefined to hold accountable all costs involved in public struggles that follow after hasty decision making regarding complex policy.

並列摘要


自從1950年代公共政策研究成為公共行政的重要領域之後,學者大量運用各式研究方法發展決策科學,從經濟學門借來的理性決策主義到討論形而上學的超理性主義,但是實務發展上卻無法驗證諸理論之可行性。近年來,由於民主思潮的興起,公領域的決策科學已經不是文官體制專有的行為場域。公民參與、公民授能等概念已經進入公部門決策科學的討論核心,並且主導近年來的顯學:公共治理的理論發展與實務觀察。然而,面臨今天資訊爆炸、資訊科技一日千里,普通公民是否具備足夠的資訊智商,從所有資訊中理解出重要的資訊,協助參與公共事務,是一個重要的理論假設與實務挑戰。這也是審議式民主在結合理論與實務上最大的挑戰。文官制度的存在,已有上千年的歷史。文官體系最彌足珍貴的特質,就是專業素養。但是由於文官體制特殊環境的影響,使得文官體制與公民期望總是出現落差。由於代議式民主逐漸與公民期待漸行漸遠,如何整合公民團體與文官制度,建立一套資訊交換無界線的審議式制度,重建公民精神、資訊落差、與專業素養之間的溝通管道,追求更有效益的決策機制,也是可以思考的方向。本研究提出審議式文官制度,做為未來思考修正決策機制的方向。公民團體對於所捍衛之政策價值訴求,在第一時間內與文官體系就政策價值與選項進行審議。這個過程不同於一般審議式民主採取所有公民團體在社會中進行政策選項審議的方式,而是讓公民團體與文官體制進行良好的資訊交換,並藉助文官體制的專業素養,發展出符合公民團體期望之政策選項。經由社會大眾在一定時限內相互比較與討論所有公民團體所提出的政策選項,再藉由公民投票來決定符合大多數民眾期望的政策選項,以確保政策的正當性,也許可以解決複雜性的政策問題。

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