戰爭、移民、殖民：中國東北地區飲食文化歷史考察

War, Migration, Colonization: An Historic Investigation of Dietary Culture in Northeastern Areas of China

鄭南(Nan Zheng)

《中華飲食文化學術研討會論文集》 第12屆 (2011/11) Pp. 333-351

https://doi.org/10.6641/PICCFC.91012.2011.12.16

摘要

戰爭、移民、殖民一直是人類文明史上不同族群間文化交往的重要途徑和方式，在中華民族幾千年的文明史上自然也是如此，這種交往既有中華民族共同體和今日中國版圖內部的，也有域外族群與地域相互間的。中國的東北地區地處邊疆，是肅慎、東胡、鮮卑、契丹、女真、蒙古、滿洲等少數民族的發源地，這些民族曾經數次在中國的版圖內建立過割據的地方政權，並有兩次建立了統一的國家政權，歷史上來自北方的少數民族一直是中原農耕社會所面臨的最嚴重的威脅之一。文字記錄的歷史證明，東北地區一直是北中國許多草地民族繁衍、征奪之地。從明中葉開始的內地避荒移民和域外饑民的求食內徒;清朝的墾荒移民、一直延續到近代的大規模「闖關東」移民;二十世紀初以來，歐洲俄羅斯、白俄羅斯等十餘個民族上流人群的移入，猶太人的避難遷徙;日本關東軍與開拓團的進入以及對東北地區的殖民統治。這一切致使東北地區的飲食文化一直處在馬背上的民族與農耕民族、漢族與少數民族、內地與邊陲、中國與外國的不斷的交流之中，戰爭與和平、官方與民間、互利與掠奪、公開與隱蔽、驟進與漸進……各種各樣的方式與管道，幾乎無所不有。因此，可以說戰爭、掠奪、俘虜、移民、殖民是歷史上東北地區文化交流的典型特徵，忽略這些歷史因素，對東北地區的飲食文化就無法深刻理解和準確說明。

關鍵字

飲食文化 ； 東北 ； 戰爭 ； 移民 ； 殖民

並列摘要

War, migration and colonization have always been the important means of cultural communication among different races in human civilization history, as well as in China's civilization history for thousands of years. This kind of communication exists both among races in China now and past and among native and foreign races. Northeastern areas of China, located as the frontier, is the source of minorities such as Sushen, Donghu, Xianbei, Qidan, Nvzhen, Mongolia, Manchuria and so on which have ever established local authorities within the domain of China for several times, and even unified the national authority once or twice. Thus minorities from the North have always been one of the threats posed to the agriculture in central plains during the history. It is documented that the northeastern areas has always been an important area for both pasture inhabitants and the military of North China. Therefore, the dietary culture in this area has always been in a communicative interaction between nomadic and agricultural races, Han race and minorities, races of inland and borders, native and foreign, in various ways such as war and peace, authorities and the folks, mutual benefit and plunder, publicly or secretly, abruptly or gradually......, events of which include inward migration of inland victims of natural calamities and foreign refugees of famine since middle Ming Dynasty, migration to open up wasteland in Qing Dynasty and continuing migration of northeast exploiters till contemporary times, immigration of up-class people from Russia, Belorussia and other several races in Europe since the beginning of 20th century, Jewish refuge, colonization over northeastern areas by Japanese northeastern army and exploiting army group. Thus, war, plunder, captives, migration and colonization are the typical features of cultural interactions in northeastern areas. Ignoring these historic factors, we may fail to comprehend and demonstrate dietary culture in northeastern areas profoundly and accurately.

並列關鍵字

dietary culture ； northeastern areas ； war ； migration ； colonization