- 會議論文
論高濂《遵生八牋》之養生思想與服食之修為
Introducing Kao Lien's Tsun Sheng Pa-Ch'ien-Diet Control in the Practice of Yang-Sheng
摘要
高濂以戲曲傳世，明萬曆年間，服官鴻臚寺，今日以《遵生八牋》一書最為著名。遵生即養生之雅稱。有中醫學即有養生，乃泛指生活起居中一積極追尋健康長壽之精神、法之以起居、飲食及倫理上之自律不怠。此中更以飲食為要。蓋國人無論食物與藥物，均視作養生保健之資。誤食固可傷身損壽，故養生家首重食得其時、其法。此即第四牋論飲饌服食之大要。古人作牋，或讀書商剳記，或隨錄偶得，皆短文章句。高氏每牋多加意發揮。服食牋分三卷，縱論醫生思想與修為，一一分述茶湯、羹粥、酺鲊、蔬蔌、粉麵、酒醬、餅餌及丹藥之製法與養生之特效。每方雖非高氏自創，然必行之有效然後錄。務實之餘，說明牋中所載，均堪作一家一人所效法。今日都市生活繁忙，未必能按高氏之主張，上行下效。然人皆欲健康長壽。苟能領略高氏力求身心康泰之精神，亦足使今人反思遵生之宏旨。《八牋》一書，與同時代之《本草綱目》，《農政全書》及《天工開物》，先後於一五七八至一六三七年間首故付梓，為中國博學辨思之仕人，總結歷來自然務實之學，以圖個人及家國之福利進取，乃於晚明科技史中放一異彩。
關鍵字
無資料並列摘要
KAO LIEN was a dramatist who once served in the Ministry of Protocol in the Ming imperial court during the Wan Li reign (1573-1619). But he is better known for his book ...Tsun Sheng Pa Ch'ien (Notes on Keeping Fit in Eight Pamphlets). Tsun heng, respect for life, is a lofty version of the term yang heng, to maintain life. It concerns a positive attitude towards a sensible way of living that allows one to live long and health y with spiritual enlightenment. This goal could be achieved by conscientioustly and incessantly applying certain self-governing principles in living habits, food choice and interpersonal relationships. Of this, diet control plays a particularly important role because Chinese food ethics do not distinguish food from medicine; both are considered agents that contribute to good health if taken judiciously. This leads immediately to the warning that food-abuse can damage health. Hence, when to take which kinds of food, and how to prepare them, become the central tenets of yang-sheng. This subject was covered comprehensively in the 4th pamphlet in Kao Lien's book under the title ＂Food and Medicine (for Health-Keeping )＂. Ch'ien, notes or memoranda, refers to the format of writing which consists of short paragraphs excerpted from literature or recipes and methods of the author's own invention, but most of them expound the author's original ideas. The 4th pamphlet in three chapters covers every aspect of diet for health-keeping from theory to practice. The author treats the following kinds of food by describing the way they were prepared and by emphasising their contributions to good health-keeping. (1)Drinks ...tea with an emphasis on water source and quality, cold and hot drinks enriched with taste-and aroma-enhancers. (2)Porridge/soup... thick or thin soup in different combinations of cereal, vegetables or meat and herbs to provide a nourishing semi-liquid course. (3)Meats ... all elaborately treated, providing ways to enhance palatability and long storage. (4) Vegetables ... cultivated or wild, and in this case, sprouts from medicinal plants, were cooked or pickled in a great variety of recipes, strongly suggesting that a vegetarian diet was the mainstay of yang-sheng. (5)Flours ... with an accent on starch from a broad selection of complex carbohydrates that yield starch, with additional tastes, nutrients and medicinal properties. (6)Wine ... all primary fermentation products. many are added with medicinal materials. Here the idea was to use wine to enhance the medicinal effect. (7)Pastries '＂ with less emphasis on medicinal or health-keeping properties. the accent is on pure enjoyment. (8)Medicines ... home made preparations. whether of a single item or from multiple- item prescriptions. all to be taken for health-keeping or to dispel minor discomfort rather than to treat disease. The author stresses the validity of these recipes and methods throughout this pamphlet; they might not all be his original idea. but they were all tested personally to satisfaction. This positive empirical approach. besides lending credibility to these guidelines. vouches for the practicability of these methods in every household or with every individual of moderate economic resources and literary capability. It must be pointed out that it might not be advisable or even feasible to follow every bit of the author's advice. But the thoughts behind his food ethics and food choice and the well-defined purpose to seek spiritual and physical well-being through diet control and other exercises of the body and mind will inspire more positive thinking in the pursuit of health-keeping in our modern affluent city life. Finally, it must be noted that Kao Lien's book appeared in an era of resurgence in applied knowledge for personal. communal and national welfare. Tsun-Sheng Pa-Cb'ien ( first published 1591 ), together with Pen-ts'ao Kang-mu ( first published 1578 ), ungg Ching Chuan-Hsu ( first published 1628 ) and T'ien-Kung K'ai Wu ( first published 1637 ) represent the culmination of knowledge in natural science at the disposition of Chinese intellectual elite up to this time.