禪修為著眼的眾生觀：以《華嚴經．十定品》為依據

Perspectives on Sentient Beings in light of Meditative Practices: Based on the Chapter ＂the Ten Meditative Concentrations＂ of the Avatam. saka-sūtra

蔡耀明(Yao-Ming Tsai)

《華嚴學報》 3期 (2012/09) Pp. 31-67

https://doi.org/10.30002/JHB.201209.0002

摘要

本文以《華嚴經．十定品》為依據，從禪修的角度與線索，探討佛教的眾生觀，目標在於更貼切與透徹認識眾生之實相，以及更清楚認識眾生由平庸受困的情形轉化為高超的修行者的轉折關鍵。在論述的行文，由如下的六節串連而成。第一節，「緒論」，開門見山，帶出研究主題，並且逐一交代論文的構想與輪廓。第二節，背景觀念上，強調眾生觀並非想當然耳的事情，而透過禪修所造就的眾生觀，應該更有可能適切地銜接眾生之全方位的實情。第三節，按照禪修之初衷、禪修之歷程、與禪修之結果的順序，以《華嚴經．十定品》為依據，鋪陳禪修與眾生的全方位開放關係。第四節，闡明如實認知眾生是可能的，並且分別從佛法修學的養成階段與高階開展的階段，概括論述〈十定品〉的眾生觀。第五節，聚焦於〈十定品〉列為第八的「一切眾生差別身三昧」，分成三個小節，包括「一切眾生差別身三昧」的經文環節、「一切眾生差別身三昧」的形態特色、「一切眾生差別身三昧」的「法界形態」的眾生觀，試圖更深一層探討禪修為主軸或軸線的眾生觀。第六節，「結論」，總結本文的要點。〈十定品〉由十個廣大的三昧，串聯而成以禪修為主軸或軸線的菩提道之修煉、觀照、示範、與救度。由於十個廣大的三昧之聯合修學與運用，舉凡禪修、心態、眾生、世界、或認知，皆交相關聯為運作的項目，亦即交織為禪修做為主軸或軸線的一切法。如此的一切法，正好由於禪修之穿透力，得以穿透一切法之關係網絡，從而順著一切法之關係網絡，漸次擴散開來。再者，如此穿透而擴散的一切法之關係網絡，正好由於禪修在方向上的層層交錯的切換，以及在基調上的變化幻象之一貫，從而全方位地交織為一切法之如幻似化的無限暢通的網絡。一言以蔽之，出之於「法界形態」的禪修運作，對眾生的觀看與認知，終究把所謂的眾生解開、切換、與貫通在一切法之「法界」。

關鍵字

《華嚴經》 ； 〈十定品〉 ； 禪修 ； 眾生觀 ； 法界

並列摘要

This paper is based on the chapter ＂the Ten Meditative Concentrations＂ of the Avatamsaka-sûtra to investigate Buddhist perspectives on sentient beings in light of meditative practices. It aims to cognize the realities of sentient beings more befittingly and thoroughly. Furthermore, it will try to cognize the key turning point how mediocre sentient beings suffering from all difficulties in their lives transform into rigorous and superb practitioners. The structure of this paper is composed of six sections. The first section, Introduction, brings out the theme and the outline of the paper. Section two focuses on the context and idea that perspectives on sentient beings are not some issue to be taken lightly. Perspectives of sentient beings resulted from meditative practices should be able to reveal realities in a more pertinent and all-encompassing manner. Section three unfolds the process of intention, experience, and result in meditative practices according to the chapter ＂the Ten Meditative Concentrations＂ of the Avatamsaka-sûtra. As a result, the open relationship between meditative practices and sentient beings can be revealed from all aspects. Section four expounds the possibility of cognizing sentient beings as they are in reality. Furthermore, perspectives on sentient beings according to the chapter ＂the Ten Meditative Concentrations＂ are described at two levels, namely the cultivating and advanced in practicing Buddhism. Section five focuses on the eighth samâdhi, ＂differentiated bodies of all sentient beings,＂ in the chapter ＂the Ten Meditative Concentrations.＂ Through three segments -- key links of the eighth samâdhi, characteristics in formats, and the formats of dharma-dhātu perspectives -- this section employing meditative practices as the main axis investigates further the perspectives on sentient beings. Section six summarizes the main points of this paper. Composed of ten samâdhies in a broad spectrum, the chapter ＂the Ten Meditative Concentrations＂ elaborates the practice, observation, demonstration, and salvation in the Path to Enlightenment with the central axis of meditative practices. Ten vast samâdhies encompassing aspects in meditative practices, state of mind, sentient beings, world, and cognition in combination with one another to help practitioners cultivate and operate. In other words, these samâdhies intertwine with each other into a resulting dharma with meditative practices as the axis. It is the very dharma with its penetrating power from meditative practices that pierces through the web of connection and then dissipates to all directions along the interwoven net of connections. Furthermore, the multilayer interconnecting web with open access to all dharmas through meditative practices and the fact that all the elements in the web base themselves on the thoroughgoing principle of ever-changing illusions make this very web of all dharmas an all-accessible network of mirage. In short, the meditative cultivations operate out of the format of dharma-dhātu also observe, perceive, break down, shift, and interconnect sentient beings on the level of the dharma-dhātu of all dharmas.

並列關鍵字

Avatam. saka-sûtra ； ＂the Ten Meditative Concentrations ； ＂Meditative Practices ； Perspectives on Sentient Beings ； Dharma-Dhātu