吐魯番出土北涼且渠安周供養《佛華嚴經》研究

A study of the Buddhist manuscript Buddhâvataṃsaka Sutra dedicated by Juqu Anzhou in the Northern Liang period

崔中慧(Chung-Hui Tsui)

《華嚴學報》 6期 (2013/12) Pp. 217-261

摘要

20世紀初吐魯番考古出土大量佛教文獻，其中至少五件有題記的佛經殘片是由北涼王且渠安周（445-457）所供養的。其中一件珍貴《佛華嚴經卷第廿八》殘片，不但是可據以考證現存東晉譯出六十卷《華嚴經》最早的寫本殘片之一，也是中國佛教史上由帝王書寫供養佛經的最早考古實物。本文從佛教與歷史文獻中首先探討北涼與南朝劉宋間密切的文化交流，其次考證北涼宮廷寫經生書風與代表人物；另根據有明確紀年題記的北涼（427）《優婆塞戒經》殘片，考證現存旅順博物館的一件《華嚴經》寫本殘片，確係北涼時期宮廷筆受僧人道養書風，說明漢文晉譯六十《華嚴經》譯本，已傳入涼州，反映北涼政府對於華嚴思想的重視。北涼以一個少數民族在中國歷史上，積極推動佛教，成立大規模佛經譯寫組織，在北涼宮廷書法風格與「北涼體」所產生的獨特文化現象；其宗教政策與在歷史上的開創作為，對後世影響深遠。

關鍵字

北涼且渠安周 ； 華嚴經 ； 寫經生 ； 北涼體 ； 吐魯番

並列摘要

In the early 20th century, there were numerous Buddhist manuscripts excavated from various sites in Turfan. Among these, at least five pieces of Buddhist Sutras excavated at Gaochang were dedicated by Juqu Anzhou（且渠 安周）during 445-457 CE, successor to the throne of the Northern Liang king Juqu Mengxun（且渠蒙遜）One of the fragments is the Buddhâvataṃsaka Sutra《佛華嚴經卷第廿八》，which is not only the very early manuscript written on paper of the Buddhâvatamsaka Sutra before the 5th century, but also the earliest Sutra dedicated and copied by a king Juqu Anzhou in the history of Chinese Buddhism. Using the fragment of Buddhâvatamsaka Sutra as a case study, this article first examines the close communication between the Northern Liang and Southern Dynasty Liu Song; secondly, explores the significant role of the court scribes in the Northern Liang. In addition, based on the fragment of Upasaka-sila Sutra《優婆塞戒經》with certain date (427 CE) and name of scribe (Daoyang), we discover another fragment of Buddhâvatamsaka Sūtra from Lushun Museum collection which was certainly written in the Daoyang’s calligraphic style. It further proves the transmission of Buddhâvatamsaka Sutra from the south to the north was occurred during the Northern Liang period. Due to the Northern Liang government had strong determination in promoting Buddhism, a solid foundation was laid by the establishment of an organized Buddhist texts translation system as well as a systematized literary or secretarial system. These efforts had a farreaching impact in the Northern Wei period and later.

並列關鍵字

Juqu Anzhou ； Buddhâvataṃsaka Sutra ； Buddhist Scribe ； Northern Liang Style ； Turfan