華嚴思想對天台宗禪教的影響－以天台九祖湛然與山外諸師的行實為例

The Affection of the Huayan School Ideology towards the Chan Teaching of Tiantai School- Zhanran the ninth patriarch of the Tiantai school and the Beyond patriarches Practices as an example

賴建成(Jian-Chen Lai)

《華嚴學報》 7期 (2014/06) Pp. 105-198

摘要

從初唐以來，佛教界就受到華嚴思想與禪教的影響，兩者之間的融攝在於心性思想，尤其是真心說。真心說以及判教的圓頓問題，也是原本強調妄心說以及主張法華經為殊勝的天台宗所要面對的問題。除了王法的容納與官宦士夫的護持之外，禪教的圓融與教法的殊勝，是一個宗派行化上的利器。在宋代初年，天台宗分裂為山家與山外兩個學派，這兩個宗派，雖然都強調智者與湛然之教，然歧異處還是頗多的。唐武宗會昌法難之前，佛教界各宗教的融攝已經是普遍的現象，這與當時宗派間在弘化上的競爭以及人才的輩出有關。會昌法難之後，天台宗與其他教下諸宗派一樣有一段頗為長久的衰落時光，其行化區域到了晚唐五代之際逐漸萎縮到吳越地區，而以天台山與錢塘兩地為顯揚之所，由是逐漸產生了山家與山外兩個主流學派。這兩個學派的宗匠，在出身、學養與師承、宗風及行化區域是有別的，但兩個宗派的師匠除了受到禪宗、淨土、密教禪教的影響之外，也吸收了華嚴思想，這與時代風氣有關。有諸多的因素導致宋代山家、山外兩宗派間的論諍，然其關鍵點還在於湛然以一念三千理具思想來詮釋天台智者的思想所引起的，尤其是象徵湛然思想的〈十不二門〉與華嚴經論的真、妄觀心問題，往往成為他們爭論的對象。本論文主要分為五個部份，一是華嚴思想在唐初的影響力。二是分析天台九祖湛然的思想，因為他的思想是形成山家與山外諍論的主要焦點。第三個部份，討論會昌法難之後華嚴宗的狀況，以及華嚴思想對僧 家的影響在哪些層面。第四部份，從山外諸師的行實與思想來看山家與山外之爭。第五部份，是探討宋初華嚴宗的復興與天台宗的關係。

關鍵字

華嚴思想 ； 天台學派 ； 智顗 ； 湛然 ； 晤恩 ； 山家 ； 山外

並列摘要

Since the early Tang Dynasty, the Buddhist community would be affected by Huayan thought and Chan teaching, which lies between the Assimilation Mind thoughts, especially the Real-mind sayings. The Real-mind sayings and classification of Buddha's teaching in Yuandun issue, but it also had stressed the Rash sayings, and as advocate for issues the Tiantai most excellent Lotus Sutra to face implicated problems. In addition to accommodating among government, courtiers and literati support and protection, the harmony with the teachings of the most excellent Chan teaching is the weapon for sectarian practicings and pervasives. In the early Song Dynasty, the Tiantai school had split into two sects the Home and the Beyond, as these two sects, although both stressed the Zhizhe and Zhanran teachings, they are still existing lots of diversity. Before the Huichang Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution in Tang Emperor Wuzong, the Buddhist community has been involved in various religions melt as is a common phenomenon, which is related with an inter-sec in promotion competition and talented monks pervasiveness. After the Huichang Great Anti Buddhist Persecution , the Tiantai with other sects under various denominations, as there is a rather long-term decline time. And the propagation areas to the Late Tang Wudai occasion gradually shrink to Wuyue area, while in Tiantai and Qiantang both for spreading areas where they is gradually producing the Home and the Beyond two mainstream schools. The monks in these two schools, in the background, accomplishment, inheritance, sect genre, and propaganda practice which are various and different. The two sectarian divisions monks are affected by Chan, Pure Land, Vajrayana, but also absorb the Huayan thought, which is related with the then trend and ethos. There are many factors that lead to the controversy between the Home and the Beyond in Song dynasty. Then the key point lies in Zhanran with the ideology “One-read around three-thousand rationale” to explain the Tiantai Zhizhe thought, especially thoughts symbol Zhanran “Ten Only Way” and Avatamsaka Sutra on the problems as true view and rash view of the heart, and they often become the object of controversy. This paper is divided into five sections. The first section is the Huayan thought influence in the early Tang dynasty. The second section analysises the Tiantai ninth patriarch Zhanran thought, because his ideology is the main focus of the controversy between the Home and the Beyond. The third section is discussing then Huayan school situation after the Huichang Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution, and the ideological influence of the Huayan thought towards the monks The fourth section is watching the controversies between the Home and the Beyond under the practice ideology and thought of the monks in the Beyond. And the fifth section is exploring the relationship between the Renaissance of the Huayan school and the Tiantai school.

並列關鍵字

The Hua-Yan thought ； The Tiantai School ； Zhiyi ； Zhanran ； Wuen ； the Home ； the Beyond