試論宋元時期禪畫特質

「禪畫」顧名思義，就是「與禪有關的繪畫」。一般公認禪畫起源於唐末五代，發展於兩宋，成熟於元，並隨著中國禪宗東渡日本，明清之際是一個小高峰，到了廿世紀上半葉又是一個普世化之轉折點。宋元時期可說是禪畫承先啟後之時期，此時禪行者把繪畫由抒寫心中詩意之文人畫及暢胸中之塊壘的逸格、墨戲，注入了禪意，不拘形式、超越形象，以一種簡約、直捷的水墨畫樣貌，把所悟之禪境呈現出來。本文將探討此種繪畫在宋元時期的發展因緣及其表現內容、技法及禪境介紹。

關鍵字

禪畫；畫禪；禪意畫；文人畫；逸格

並列摘要

Chan paintings, as the name suggests, are artworks related to Chan. It is generally recognized that Chan painting originated in the late Tang and the Five Dynasties, developed in the Song Dynasty, and matured in the Mongolian-ruled Yuan Dynasty. The art form was brought to Japan along with the Chinese Chan School to be known as Zen. It had a pinnacle of development in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the first half of the twentieth century made another important turning point, becoming worldly popularized. In this long course of history the Song-Yuan era formed an important transition for the art's development. Chan practitioners of the period made such paintings from as a way to express a poetic state of mind or to take load off one's chest to art pieces infused with Chan spirit, not limited to conventions, beyond imagination, yet simple and straightforward. Therefore, they can be called paintings of one's experience of Chan state of mind. This article is to explore the development of these paintings in the Song-Yuan era in terms of the presentation, techniques, and as well the delivered state of Chan.