契嵩思想研究──佛教思想與儒家學說之交涉

宋僧契嵩生於真宗景德四年（西元1007 年），卒於神宗熙寧五年（西元1072年），乃雲門法嗣，專意於習禪著書，為當時之名僧，深受朝野人士之推重與欽羡。契嵩主倡儒佛一致之說，以駁儒者排佛之論，而致力於儒釋之會通。就思想而言，契嵩既有禪教之傳統觀念，復具顯著之儒化思想，既治佛學，復探儒術，蓋務通二教聖人之心，以顯其儒佛兼修、儒佛會通之志。本篇旨在論述契嵩生當佛教思想與儒家學說互融之世，藉佛法之觀點以闡發儒學之精義，而未失其佛家之立場，文分六節：一、前言，二、法系傳承，三、交友關係，四、思想背景，五、思想特色，復分：(一)、等同五戒與五常；(二)、論心、性、情；(三)、贊中庸；(四)、贊五經；(五)、論孝道；(六)論君子與小人；(七)、會通佛儒；(八)、儒佛合一，六、結論。由佛法與儒學交涉之際，契嵩能通貫儒佛，融匯孔釋之史實，而觀當今中西思想交流，中國哲學之重建，或有所啟示，而發人深省哉。

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並列摘要

The famous Sung Dynasty monk Chi-sung (1007-1072 A. D.) devoted all his energies to meditation and writing. He received the dharma of the yun-men lineage and was highly respected by the whole nation. In order to refute the anti-Buddhist arguments of the Confucianists he promoted the theory that Confucianism and Buddhism were in agreement, and worked toward the interfusion of both teachings. On one hand he held traditional views concerning meditative practice and Buddhist doctrine, on the other his ideas displayed obvious Confucian influence. He studied both teachings endeavouring to gain a thorough understanding of their holy founder's spirit in order to express his determination to cultivate in both the Buddhist and the Confucian way, and to attain mastery in the respective systems. The present paper aims at discussing how Chi-sung lived at a time when Buddhist thought and Confucianist theory fused, and how he expounded the subtle meanings of Confucianism by means of the Buddhist point of view without losing his identity as a Buddhist scholar. It contains the following six chapters: 1. preface, 2. The Dharma Transmission Lineage, 3. Friends and Acquaintances, 4. The Intellectual Background, 5.Peculiar Features of Chi-sung ' s Thought, and 6. Conclusion. Chapter 5 is subdivided into 1. The Corespondence of the Five Precepts with the Five Basic Virtues, 2. Mind, Nature, and Emotions, 3. Praise of the Golden Mean, 5. Praise of the Five Classics, 5. On Filial Piety, 6. The Gentleman and the Mean Person, 7. The Fusion of Buddhism and Confucianism. Today it is the intellectual exchange between China and the West that is taking place. As to the Problem of creating a new Chinese Philosophy, We might well draw lessons from the history of Chi-sung who, at a time of intense contacts between Buddhism and Confucianism, was able to master both teachings and harmonize them.