阿含經集成與大乘經典源流的研究

本文引用南北傳的相關資料，探討《阿含經》在不同結集中的變化以及大乘經典的源流。文中敘及：1. 釋尊所開示的教法中，即已有相應及增一阿含經的雛型。2. 釋尊因材施教，在中、晚年時，將其教法歸攝為九分教或十二分教，其中含有「方廣」。3. 王舍城結集時，先結集經藏而後結集律藏，此中經藏是以聲聞教法的蘊、處、緣起、食、諦、界等等事為範圍，依次結集出相應、中、長、增一等四阿含，由於方廣的「經大」與「事異」而不結集在內。4. 毗舍離結集時，先結集律藏而後結集經藏，此中經藏依次結集長、中、相應、增一及雜藏等五部。5. 其後聲聞僧眾因義理之諍，以及受到大乘方廣思想的衝擊，形成四聖部，此中犢子部的上座在佛滅二百年首先結集出論藏。6. 在華氏城結集時，依次結集律藏、經藏與論藏，此中經藏依長、中、相應、增一及雜藏等五部來結集，並將各《阿含經》內部的次序大幅調整、刪減重複，且使與優波離下傳的律藏內容一致，形成南傳五部的精簡風格。7. 由於結集及師資傳承的不同，形成七種不同排列的四或五阿含，並可看出說有部不屬於毗舍離結集的會內上座系統。8. 聲聞的阿含經與大乘的方廣經，二者主要源自佛說或佛所印可。

關鍵字

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並列摘要

Based on the related canons of the northward-and southward-spreading Buddhism, the collection of agamas during different Councils and the origion of the Mahayana sutras are studied. It is pointed out that (1)the initial format of Samyukta and Ekottara has been used by Shakyamuni Buddha in teaching Dharma. (2)At Buddha's middle and old ages, the Buddha concluded the teachings as nine or twelve branches of scripture which include Vast Texts (Vaipulya). (3)In the first Council at Rajagrha, the set of sutra are collected in the order of Samyukta, Madhyama, Dirgha and Ekottara agamas , then the set of vinaya are collected. The content of the set of sutra is limited to the topics of aggregates, sources, dependent arising and so forth, whereas the Vast Texts are not included due to their large volume and different purpose. (4)In the second Council at Vaisali, the set of vinaya are collected first, then the set of sutra are collected in the order of Dirgha, Madhyama, Samyukta, Ekottara and Ksudraka agamas . (5)After the second Council, sanghas are divided into Four Saint Groups (Sthaviravadinas, Mahasamghikas, Vatsiputriyas, Sarvastivadinas) due to the debate of the meaning of the Dharma and the impact of the philosophy of Vast Texts. The set of abhidharma are collected by the sthaviras of Vatsiputriyas 200 years after the Nirvana of the Buddha. (6)In the Council at Pataliputra, the set of vinaya, sutra and abhidharma are collected in succession, whereas the set of sutra is collected in the order of Dirgha, Madhyama, Samyukta, Ekottara and Ksudraka agamas . The internal orders of the sutra in each agamas are rearranged, the p.28 overlapping parts of the sutras among different Agamas are eliminated, and the sentences in the set of sutra are adjusted so that they are consistent with those of the vinaya as recited by Upali. (7)Because of the influence of the Councils and the difference of lineages, seen different orders of Agamas are formed. We note that the school of Sarvastivadinas is not a branch of the Sthaviravadinas of the Vaisali Council. (8)The essential parts of the Agamas and the Mahayana Vast Texts are the words spoken by the Buddha or agreed by the Buddha. In this paper, related scriptures are quoted successively support the above statements.