初期佛教空之法說及義說（上）

印順導師傑作〈空之探究〉一書，暢談「阿含」、「部派」、「般若」乃至「龍樹」之空；引導學者對「空」之認識，啟發作者重新閱讀《四部阿含》及《五尼柯耶》有關空之教示，而有本文之著作。印師抉擇發明：『阿含的空，是重於修持的解脫道。』亦以此為重心發揮灼見；兼及空之法說、義說；有關空之類集，則依印度佛教之發展，分述於部派之空及般若之空兩章中。由此等啟示，本文擬對《四部阿含》及《五尼柯耶》有關空之法說、義說作整理，並且加以討論。首先，以「聖典（pāli）語《尼柯耶（Nikaya）》中『空』之字義」及「漢文《阿含經》中『空』之字義」對「空義」，引《經》列舉敘述。其次，《阿含經、尼柯耶》中已有「內空、外空、內外空、世間空、大空、第一義空、究竟無上清淨之空」等名相之「分別施設」或「類集廣攝」；為修心、為認識實相、為智見清淨、為證涅槃作種種開示、說明。如是「空名相之原義」至部派佛教、大乘佛教有「衍繹原義」，乃至「開發新義」另立名相；是等「衍義」、「新義」仍有脈絡可循，探其根柢，出自何等《阿含經、尼柯耶》。因篇幅所限，今文引用《經》《論》先行處理上述諸端，陳述心得；後文擬證明原始佛教結集《增一阿含經》時，「以『空』代替『無我』之演變」。有關「空三昧、空觀之如法修習」及「其他有關空之教說」，則殿後報告。

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Ven, Yin-shung's masterpiece ＂The Exploration of sunna＂ elucidates fluently the sunna of Agama, Sectarian, Prajnna and even Nagarjuna. This work leads scholars to understand the meaning of sunna and inspires the author of this paper to read again the four agamas and the five nikayas. This paper is thus resulted. Ven, Yin-shung says, ＂The sunna of agama is the way of liberation which emphasizes on practice. ＂His enlightening view is mainly based on this opinion. He also touches on the desana and vibhanga of sunna. Regarding the classification of sunna, he describes, following the development of Indian Buddhism, in two chapters--the sunna of Sectarian Buddhism and the sunna of Prajnna. Thanks to these clarifications, this paper intends to make a review and discussion on the desana and vibhanga of sunna as contained in the four agamas and the five nikayas. Firstly, this paper refers to the Pali nikayas and the Chinese agamas to explain the meanings of sunna . Secondly, in agamas and nikayas there are already ＂the separate establishment＂ or ＂classification＂ of ＂internal sunna, external sunna, internal-external sunna, worldly sunna, great sunna, ultimate truth sunna, absolute-unsurpassed-purified sunna, etc.＂ The instructions and explanations of sunna are made in order to cultivate the mind, to understand the Reality, to purify one's wisdom and view, and, to realize nirvana. Therefore, the original meaning of the term ＂sunna＂ was extended or even new term was invented in later ages of Sectarian Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism. These ＂extended meanings＂ and ＂invented meanings＂ can be clearly traced back to agama or nikaya. Due to the limitation of space, this paper only deals with the above-mentioned problems by referring to the sutras and abhidharmas. In future, the author will write another paper to prove that while primitive Buddhism drew up the anguttara nikaya, ＂ 'sunna' was used to replace 'non-self' ＂. As to ＂the correct practice of the sunna samadhi and the sunna view＂ and ＂other teachings regarding sunna ＂ will be treated at last.