中國禪宗在西藏

「中國禪宗在西藏」之論文，主要是想透過發生於墀松德贊在位期間的紀元792 年至 794 年之間的西藏諍論事件，或叫桑耶諍論，來了解六世紀至八世紀西藏佛教的情況，特別是代表漢地即中國佛教的禪宗，在西藏流傳的情形。因為西藏諍論事件，是一樁龍樹佛學系統的印度佛教與漢地禪宗的佛教，在拉薩發生有關教理、信仰理解上的街突而引起諍論的緣故。在這個時代的西藏，隨吐蕃王朝的成立，勢力往外延伸之際，因地緣上的關係，接觸到佛教重鎮的長安和安西四鎮等的緣故，而促進吐蕃王朝內迎佛派對佛教的興趣。因此本論文先就此作一番探討的工作，以了解此時西藏境內多元的佛教。在此多元的佛教中，漢地的禪宗也有一席之地，且其勢力足以引發西藏諍論事件，是值得我們注目的。也因此在這個時代裹，流傳於西藏的禪宗，是屬於那一系統的呢？當然這需要從此事件的主角之一摩訶衍的《頓悟大乘政理決》來探討，進而研究摩訶衍代表的禪，是屬於那一系統呢？又摩訶衍之外，是否還有來自漢地其他系統的禪呢？如果有，其所屬系統為何？是經由何種途徑傳入西藏的？又在此事件中，漢地的禪為何敗北，其中是否有政治因素介入其中？及此事件之後，漢地的禪在西藏的影響力如何?都是本論文試著去解開的課題。

關鍵字

安西四鎮佛教；敦煌淪陷；桑耶諍論；摩訶衍；北宗禪看心離念

並列摘要

The thesis, ＂Chinese Zen Buddhism in Tibet＂, concerns mainly the incident of the Tivet controversy, or Sangye controversy, which occurred between 792 and 794 A.D. during the reign of chisongdenzan, in an effort to understand the spread of Buddhism from the sixth to the eighth century in Tibet, with specific attention addressed to the development of the zen Buddhism from the China proper. The Tibet controversy involved confrontations of theories and believes in Lasa between a sect of Longshu Buddhism, which derived form India, and zen Buddhism from the China proper. This was the time after the establishment of the Tufan kingdom in Tibet. Both due to the geographical spread of the kingdom to Changan, the capital of the Tang dynasty and the center of Tang Buddhism, and to the contacts with the four military forts of Anxi (literally, the suppressed West), apportion of the Tufan Kingdom began interested in Buddhism. This study thus will begin with a survey of the various sects of Buddhism in Tibet, including the zen Buddhism from the China proper; the latter deserves our particular attention, as it was so powerful as to trigger the Tibet controversy. From what sect of Buddhism did the zen Buddhism which prevailed in Tibet at that time actually develop? For this, I suggest, one has to look into Mokeyan's The Diologue of Sudden Enlightenment: Politics and Theories in Mahayana Buddhism (dunwu dasheng zhengli jue) to find the answer; Mokeyan was one of the key figures in the incident. From there, one then moves to examine the zen Buddhism represented by Mokeyan; what sect did he belong to? Were there other sects of zen Buddhism form the China proper other than that of Mokeyan? If so, what sects were they? Via what means and by what routes did they spread to Tibet? In terms of this incident, why was the zen Buddhism defeated? Were there political factors involved? Moreover, after the incident, how was the influence of the zen Buddhism of the China proper in Tibet? These are issues to be explored in the study.