從臺閩日佛教的互動看尼僧　在臺灣的發展

The Development of the Nuns Order in Taiwan: An Overview from the Perspective of Taiwanese- Hokkien-Japanese Buddhist Interaction

釋慧嚴(Huey-Yen Ven)

《中華佛學學報》 12期 (1999/07) Pp. 255-281

https://doi.org/10.6986/CHBJ.199907.0255

摘要

臺灣的佛教史走到二十世紀末葉時，尼僧在臺灣社會無論是推動教育、慈善、環保方面都有傑出的表現，這是因為尼僧的教育、素養的水準，均達到社會要求的標準。然而如此的水準，固然是奠立在臺灣當前的教育普及上，但亦不得忽視其歷史背景。臺灣的佛教雖說有四百多年的歷史，但是在紀元1895年日本治臺為止，臺灣並沒出現過偉大的僧侶。或許這是因為與臺灣不需要有高僧的環境有關，但也是與當時的臺灣佛教界尚無傳戒的道場，僧侶必需至福建鼓山受戒，才能取得僧侶身份，加上當時的中國佛教界是相當衰頹有關。不過日本治臺以後，致力於教育，又大正6年的臺灣佛教中學林、大正10年的南瀛佛教會相繼成立，以培養臺灣佛教界僧侶、齋友為目的，還有臺灣寺院也能獨立傳起戒來。因此拙文從如此的角度來探討，此一時代臺閩的佛教交流，即臺灣佛教僧侶赴鼓山受戒的情形；明治42年之後，臺灣寺院傳戒的情況、大正8年比丘尼的出現，隨之三大尼僧道場的成立，以及尼眾的發展等的課題。

關鍵字

外江僧 ； 本地僧 ； 臺灣尼僧初現 ； 臺灣傳戒 ； 三大尼僧道場

並列摘要

By the end of the 20th Century the female Sangha in Taiwan have had brilliant achievements in the areas of education, charity, and environmental protection. This is attributed to the fact that the level and quality of education within the female Sangha can stand up to society's standards. However, even though this achievement has been built on Taiwan's extensive contemporary education, the historical background of the local Taiwanese Sangha should not be ignored. Even though Buddhism now has a 400-year history in Taiwan, no great Buddhist master emerged there until the Japanese occupation in 1895, probably because the island's environment at that time did not necessitate one. But it should also be taken into account that Buddhist institutions in Taiwan at that time did not have any qualified Sangha to give precepts and, as a result, the cleric had to travel to Kushan Mountain in Fujian in order to receive precepts and ordination. The despondent mood of the Chinese Buddhist environment was also a factor. After the Japanese occupation, however, efforts were made in the area of education. The Taiwan Buddhist Middle School and the Nan Yin Buddhist Association were established in the 6th and 10th year of the emperor Taisho's reign respectively, with the objective of cultivating Buddhist Sangha and alms donors. Local monasteries also began to have independent preceptors. From the above-mentioned perspective, this research paper analyses Buddhist interaction in Taiwan and Hokkien; the ordination of Taiwanese Sangha in Kushan Mountain and, after the 42nd year of Meiji's reign, in local Taiwanese monasteries; the emergence of the Bikkhuni in the 8th year of Taisho's reign; the establishment of three major nunneries; and developments within the general populace.

並列關鍵字

unordained monks/nuns ； ordained monks/nuns ； the first appearance of Buddhist nuns in Taiwan ； ordination in Taiwan ； the three major nunneries

參考文獻

(1923)。臺北觀音山淩雲禪寺同戒錄。

(1928)。觀音山法雲禪寺菩薩戒同戒錄。

高執德(1936)。高雄州下巡迴講演記。南瀛佛教。14(4)，26-27。

(1955)。曹洞宗靈泉寺同戒錄。

羅妙吉(1926)。東方籌建佛教唯心大學校序。南瀛佛教會會報。4(4)，28。