陳那的三性思想－在《佛母般若波羅蜜多圓集要義論》中的理解

依護法在《成唯識論》卷3所引用的陳那《集量論》中的一偈說：「似境相所量，能取相自證，即能量及果，此三體無別」。此偈為陳那三分說的重要根據，但須注意的是「此三體無別」。又繼承他思想的法稱也在注釋《集量論》的《量評論》中說：「以分化為特相的所取、能取形相的惑亂」（vibhaktalaksana-grahyagrahakakaraviplava），能取、所取的二分是徧計所執，是如毛髮一樣的錯誤，非是真實的存在。如此看來，陳那是一分說非是三分說、陳那為有相唯識學派的說法、勢必修正。可是，當吾人檢視陳那在《佛母般若波羅蜜多圓集要義論》中對於唯識三性的解釋時，偏重於對治說。發現陳那以徧計所執性來說明二取，無二取之智即是圓成實性；以帝網、乾闥婆城等幻喻來形容依他起性，並且說：「此依他者，即無明自體」（《大正藏》冊25，p.908c），即依無明自體（＝心識）所生起的是依他起，並非是如同毛髮等徧計所執性的錯覺。此外，陳那在《佛母般若波羅蜜多圓集要義論》中說，為對治十種分別散亂而說三性，故三性在陳那的理解中，不同於世親對於三性的統一說、實踐說。以對治的立場來看，依他起性的有無問題，顯然並不十分重要。重要的是離有無而悟中道。依妄識之生起、而知一切空無自性。現證心外無法時，卻是因果宛然有業有報。若是能如佛現量自證，則說空說有無非方便，此方是唯識回歸般若之深義。若論其陳那（己破外境實有）的心識說是一分說或三分說，心識中之相有或無、端視其立場而定。依心識有自我顯現功能而言，則是三分說，若是唯一識體虛妄成三分非真實而言，則是一分說。因此，與其爭論陳那是一分說或三分說，不如強調他是「現量自證說」或者是「空性說」來的自然些。

關鍵字

依他起性；幻喻；對治的三性；相見二分；現量自證說

並列摘要

Dinnaga was usually regarded as the promoter of the so-called three natures-parikalpitalaksana, paratantralaksana and parinispannala-ksana. However, according to prajnaparamitapindarsamgraha, Dinnaga used the theory of three natures to deal with the ten kinds of discriminative and wandering mind. Therefore, he was not the promoter of three natures. It is not important whether there is paratantralaksana or not. The important thing is to be free from havingness or nothingness in order to realize the middle way. From the arising of delusive consciousness, one understanding that everything is empty and without self-nature. When one experiences that everything is nothing but the function of consciousness, one will realize that there is the law of cause and effect, i.e. karma and retribution. If one can experience the reality as the Buddha did, it is only a skillful means when one speaks of nothingness or havingness. This is the profound meaning of Vijnana matra theory to return to prajna. Dinnaga mentioned three natures when he spoke of the function of the self manifestation of consciousness. But he mentioned only one consciousness when he spoke of the delusiveness of the three natures of consciousness. Therefore, it is meaningless to argue the standpoint of Dinnaga; it is better to emphasize that he advocated theory of self realization by experience or emptiness.