從數息觀論中國佛教早期禪法

安那般那法門，乃傳統主要的禪法之一。此法門不僅是共世間的有漏禪門，且是共出世間之無漏禪門，甚至可說是菩薩之不共禪門。有關此種見解，蘊含於諸禪典籍中，由於所傳譯的禪典中，其禪法偏重於世間禪門和出世間禪門來論述，故一般大多視安那般那為世間禪門及出世間禪門。東漢末年安世高所傳譯的禪經如此；乃至西晉竺法護所譯的《修行道地經》、東晉鳩摩羅什及佛陀跋陀羅等所傳譯諸禪經，莫不皆如此。甚至陳、隋時期，天台智者所撰的《釋禪波羅蜜次第法門》中，吾人亦可窺知其對安那般那法門的看法，基本上是稟承著傳統佛教之見解，將之置於世間禪門與出世間禪門之中。因此，吾人可看出自東漢末以來，所傳譯的經典中，大多視安那般那為世間禪門及出世間禪門，以此作為菩薩行者於次第道修學上的共世間禪及共出世間禪。至於直接以菩薩不共禪法來闡述之，可說是隱而不顯。雖言隱而不顯，若仔細探求之，亦可窺知其中所蘊藏之涵義。本文所論述的中國佛教早期禪法，所探索的範圍，自安世高所傳譯禪經至天台智者的禪觀。對於數息觀中的六門（數、隨、止、觀、還、淨）之涵義，基本上，依菩薩修學禪波羅蜜的歷程來探討，分為兩方面：一為菩薩次第行上的數息觀；一為菩薩非次第行上的數息觀。前者又分為共世間禪之數息觀、共出世間禪之數息觀、不共禪之數息觀等三部份。後者則直就圓頓止觀來論述。希望藉由此種種層面之探討，以呈現數息觀種種之面貌，亦顯示中國佛教禪法中的多樣性。

關鍵字

世間禪；出世間禪；菩薩不共禪；數息觀

並列摘要

Anapanasati is one of the traditional major meditation methods. This technique is common to not only other mundane conditioned dhyanas but also other supramundane unconditioned dhyanas, even the uncommon bodhisattve dhyana. This viewpoint consists in various dhyana texts. Since the meditation methods in translated Chinese dhyana texts emphasize the mundane and supramundane dhyanas, most people consider anapanasati as mundane and supramundane dhyanas. The dhyana sutras translated by An Shigao in late years of Eastern Han Dynasty are the case. Even The Sutra of Stages on the path of Practice translated by Dharmarakṣa in Western Jin Dynasty, and other dhyana sutras translated by Kumarajiva and Buddhabhadra in Eastern Jin Dynasty are also the case. Even On the Stages of dhyana Parami written by Master Zhiyi during the Chen and Sui Dynasties also classifies the anapanasati technique as the mundane and supramundane dhyanas. Therefore, we can find that most of the sutras translated since the late years of Eastern Han Dynasty treat anapanasati technique as mundane and supramundane dhyanas, and take them as the mundane and supramundane dhyanas common to the practice of the gradual path of a bodhisattra. It is very rare to treat anapanasati technique as the uncommon dhyana of bodhisattva path. However, we can still glimpse the hidder implication. The raw materials of this study range from the dhyana sutras translated by An Shigao to the meditation methods advocated by Master Zhiyi of Tiantai School. The meaning of the six wonderful doors of anapanasati (i.e. counting the breath, following the breath, tranquility, visualization, returning, and purification) is discussed from two perspectives according to the process of a bodhisattva's practice of dhyana parami: 1. The bodhisattva's gradual practice of anapanasati consists of three parts: The common mundane dhyana of anapanasati, the common supramundane dhyana of anapanasati, and the uncommon dhyana of anapanasati. 2. The bodhisattva's non-gradual practice of anapanasati, i.e. the perfect and spontaneous tranquility and insight meditation. The paper hopes to present the various aspects of anapanasati and the variety of meditation methods in Chinese Buddhism.