天台觀音感應論－以《法華玄義》的「感應妙」為中心

天台智者大師（538-597）對《觀世音菩薩普門品》的註釋，是現今《大正藏》收錄單行本最早《觀世音菩薩普門品》的註釋書，不僅極具文獻價值，對於《觀世音菩薩普門品》義理的闡揚，更是發古人所未發、極具智者大師個人及天台宗派色彩。智者大師的《觀音玄義》以五重玄義來解釋《觀世音菩薩普門品》，其第三項「明宗」以「感應」作為本品的核心旨趣。從《觀音玄義》內文可知，智者大師《觀世音菩薩普門品》註釋「感應」說的根據，與天台三大部中的《法華玄義》「感應妙」有密切的關係。因此本文首先從思想的角度，追溯智者大師的「感應」說是如何深受中國典籍與時代背景，尤其是東晉竺道生（355-434）以「佛性」為主的感應思想之影響，配合天台判教、十界互具、開權顯實等觀念，重新建構出一套獨特的天台感應論。其次，說明智者大師的《觀世音菩薩普門品》註釋以「感應」為宗，是將天台感應論與觀音信仰具體結合，成為天台獨特的觀音感應思想。最後提到天台觀音感應思想最大的特色在於，以「開權顯實」的觀點容攝庶民的觀音信仰，彰顯觀世音菩薩也如諸佛般具有救度眾生的廣大威德，同時更強調吾人必須認識自身本具與觀音菩薩同等的佛性，學習觀音的悲智定慧，藉由自身的斷惡修善，上「感」諸佛菩薩之「應」、開顯內在的佛性，才能究竟解脫苦難及圓滿成佛之道。

關鍵字

感應；智頤；天台；法華玄義；竺道生

並列摘要

Zhiyi's (538 - 597 ) commentary on the ＂Bodhisattva Guanyin Universal Gate＂ chapter of the Lotus Sutra is the earliest commentary on that single chapter in the Taisho canon. In this commentary, Guanyin xuanyi 觀音玄義, Zhiyi uses the 'fivefold profound meaning' to interpret the ＂Bodhisattva Guanyin Universal Gate＂ chapter. The third meaning, 'explaining the tenet,' takes 'sympathetic resonance' (ganying 感應) as the core concept in its interpretation of the ＂Universal Gate＂ chapter. This theory of 'sympathetic resonance' is also clearly related with that of the fourth profundity, 'profundity in sympathetic resonance' in his Fahua xuanyi. This paper first looks at how Zhiyi's concept of sympathetic resonance may have been influenced philosophically in terms of Chinese classical culture and the contemporary cultural context. Considered are the influences of Daosheng's (355 -434 ) concept of sympathetic resonance dominated by the idea of Buddha-nature, which went together with Tiantai doctrinal classification, 'mutual inherence of ten realms' (shijie huju 十界互具) and 'reaching the truth by moving beyond expedients' (kaiquan xianshi 開權顯實) to form a new Tiantai theory of sympathetic resonance. Second, in showing that Zhiyi's interpretation of the ＂Universal Gate＂ chapter is based on the tenet of sympathetic resonance, we arrive at the Tiantai syncretism of sympathetic resonance and the Guanyin cult, a unique feature in Tiantai. Finally, this paper argues that the most prominent feature of the Tiantai's Guanyin-based theory of sympathetic resonance is in the fact that the concept of 'reaching the truth by moving beyond expedients' is inclusive of the Guanyin cult in its popular form. This shows that Bodhisattva Guanyin is like the Buddhas in saving sentient beings. At the same time one must realize that one possesses Buddhanature just like Guanyin, using wisdom and compassion like those of Guanyin, stop bad and practice the good, so that one has a sympathetic resonance with Buddhas and bodhisattvas, accessing Buddha-nature to achieve ultimate liberation.