Transmission and Enlightenment in Chan Buddhism Seen Through the Platform Sutra (Liuzu tanjing 六祖壇經)

《六祖壇經》所見禪宗之傳法與證悟

Morten Schlütter

《中華佛學學報》 20期 (2007/07) Pp. 379-410

https://doi.org/10.6986/CHBJ.200707.0379

摘要

如眾所皆知，傳法的概念是中國禪宗門徒自我認同與自我了解的重要思想，晚期禪宗中，傳法更被視為是當一位禪師認可其弟子獲得與其同等證悟之境界而言。當該弟子獲得傳法時，意謂著他成為禪宗傳承的一份子，而禪宗傳承又可遠溯至佛陀；從理論上來說，該弟子獲得的證悟亦同等於祖師之境界。儘管此模式說來很單純有力而且非常吸引人，但是，認可證悟和傳法的情況常常很複雜，而且在禪宗中，有時並引起爭議。此外，我們亦可見到禪宗對於證悟和傳法的看法並非是不變的，而卻是經常變動的。禪宗傳法最早的典型可從禪宗六祖惠能的例子見到，惠能的故事及其頓悟之教法可見於禪宗典籍中最被廣為閱讀的《壇經》。《壇經》記述了惠能己身的傳法和其傳法給弟子的情況，由於《壇經》現存有諸多版本，我們因此可藉由探索這些版本的變化與發展，了解傳法的議題是如何被處理的，證悟的內容是如何被描述的。在本論文中，作者於《壇經》變化與發展的主軸中，從最早的敦煌本到收於《大正藏》中傳統的版本，探討傳法和證悟二概念的發展，《壇經》四種版本的年代共跨越了至少五個世紀，從早期禪宗到宋元間的晚期禪宗，在許多重要方面，反映了禪宗整體的發展。

關鍵字

禪宗 ； 傳法 ； 開悟 ； 《壇經》 ； 惠能

並列摘要

As is well-known, the notion of transmission of the Dharma is at the center of Chan Buddhist identity and self-understanding. In the mature Chan school, the basis for Dharma transmission is seen as the moment when a Chan master recognizes that a student has attained the same enlightened state that he himself has achieved. By receiving Dharma transmission the student becomes a member of a Chan lineage that goes directly back to the Buddha himself and, in principle, his enlightenment is recognized as equal to that of all the past masters in his lineage. However, in spite of the powerful simplicity and enduring appeal of this model, the recognition of enlightenment and the transmission of the Dharma have always been complex and, at times, contested issues in Chan Buddhism. Also, evidence indicates that Chan Buddhist ideas about enlightenment and transmission of the Dharma were not stationary but changed over time. The archetype of Chan Dharma transmission was the transmission to Huineng, the sixth patriarch of Chan. Huineng's story and his teaching of sudden enlightenment was entombed in the Platform Sutra, the most famous, and no doubt most widely read, of all Chan texts. The Platform Sutra is concerned with both the transmission to Huineng and the transmission of his teachings to later generations. Since a number of different versions of the Platform Sutra are available to us it is possible to trace changes in how the issue of transmission is dealt with, and enlightenment depicted, through the evolution of the text. In this paper, I discuss developments in the conceptualization of transmission and enlightenment in the Platform Sutra's main line of development, beginning with the earliest version found at Dunhuang leading down to the orthodox version included in the Taisho canon. The four versions of the Platform Sutra discussed span at least five centuries, from the beginnings of Chan to the mature Chan school in the late Song and early Yuan, and in important ways reflect overall developments within Chan.

並列關鍵字

Chan Buddhism ； Dharma transmission ； enlightenment ； Platform Sutra ； Huineng

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