從巴赫特窣堵波浮雕圖像探討佛塔建築式樣

本文主要以巴赫特窣堵波與其雕刻圖像為例，探討西元前一、二世紀的窣堵波佛塔，與其雕刻圖像中所呈現的供養建築型式。從文獻探討佛塔的定義，起塔的因緣與佛塔的形制，再比對巴赫特窣堵波與其雕刻圖像，探討供養崇拜物的類型與建築的形式，以及大乘初期佛塔功德思想。對廣義佛塔建築而言，巴赫特窣堵波雕刻圖像即已呈現了至少在西元一、二世紀之窣堵波的露塔、功德堂的屋塔、或開敞的無壁塔的三種供養建築的形式。佛塔供養的功德思想在小品般若經被轉化來闡述般若思想，同時隨著時代的發展，供養建築從窣堵波到功德堂的形制亦反應了「聖化—供養—功德」的功德思想發展脈絡。

關鍵字

佛塔；窣堵波；巴赫特；功德；功德堂

並列摘要

This article studies stupa architecture prevailing in the first and second centuries B.C. in India by examining the stone carvings of the Bharhut Stupa and related Buddhists documents. It focuses on the carved images related to architecture as well as the thought relating to stupa worship in early Mahayana. First, the definitions of stupa, reasons for building stupas, and forms of stupas are examined through a textual study. Second, the carvings of Bharhut Stupa with content relating to religious architecture are examined. The article explores not only Perfection of Wisdom sutras in the early Mahayana period, but also thought relating to stupa-worship. Furthermore, through the study of the carvings and a comparison with descriptions in texts, three types of stupa architecture may be found-disclosed stupa, house stupa, and no-walled stupa, which prevailed before 15 0 B.C. in India. These developments in religious architectural forms represent the progressive development of the idea of worship from sacralization to worship, to merit.